陕西府谷自然保护区杜松种群的空间分布格局及其动态

采用方差/均值比率法和5个聚集度指标研究了陕西府谷自然保护区杜松(Juniperus rigida Sieb.etZucc.)种群15个样地的空间分布格局及动态特征。结果表明,杜松种群的空间分布格局为聚集分布,其v/m值、负二项参数、聚块性指数、丛生指数、平均拥挤度和Morisita指数分别为1.98、1.84、1.54、0.98、2.79和1.54。随着径级的增大,聚块性指数逐渐减小,种群的聚集程度也减小,Ⅶ级大树呈随机分布,该种群表现出明显的扩散趋势。调查发现,人为干扰对杜松种群的空间分布格局有较大影响。     

赤楠果肉主要营养成分分析及评价

赤楠(Syzygium buxifoliumHook.et Arn.)广泛分布于广东、广西、贵州、湖南、台湾、江西、浙江、安徽及福建等省区,资源极为丰富[1]。赤楠果可生食,风味酸甜,并可用于提取天然红色素[2]。笔者对赤楠果肉的营养成分进行了分析,以期为该野生食果资源的综合开发利用提供理论依据。     

黄瑞木果实红色素的分离及其化学结构研究

采用纸层析、紫外-可见光谱、红外光谱和液-质联用等技术对福建野生黄瑞木〔Adinandra millettii(Hook. et Arn.)Benth.〕果实红色素进行了分析研究。结果表明,该红色素主要含有矢车菊素-3-芸香糖苷(cyanidin-3-rutinoside)和矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷(cyanidin-3-glucoside)2种花色苷,呈鲜艳的红色,可作为天然保健食品的色素添加剂加以推广应用。     

竹叶柴胡地上部分的化学成分

竹叶柴胡(Bupleurum marginatumWall.ex DC.)为伞形科(Apiaceae)柴胡属(BupleurumL.)植物,主要分布于四川北部、陕西南部、湖北西部及云南、贵州等省区,全株均可入药,为目前市场上药材柴胡的三大主要来源之一。柴胡具解表和里、疏肝解郁、提升中气之功效,在中药学中具有重要地位,在中国也已有2000多年的应用历史。目前,有关北柴胡(B.chinenseDC.)及南柴胡(B.scorzonerifoliumWilld.)的相关研究较多,而对在西南地区广泛使用的竹叶柴胡的研究却甚少。另外,对柴胡的相关研究多集中于根及根茎,有关柴胡茎叶化学成分和药理作用的研究较少。…     

盐胁迫对2种珍贵速生树种种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以1/2Hoagland营养液为基础培养液,研究了在0.1%、0.2%、0.4%和0.6%NaCl胁迫条件下,毛红椿〔Toona ciliata Roem. var. pubescens(Franch.)Hand.-Mazz.〕和水松〔Glyptostrobus pensilis(Staunt.ex D.Don)K.Koch〕的种子萌发和幼苗生长情况。结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的增加,2个树种的种子萌发率和简化苗木活力指数均明显下降,在0.1%、0.2%、0.4%和0.6%NaCl胁迫条件下,毛红椿和水松种子的最终萌发率分别为89.3%、87.3%、62.7%、32.0%和26.0%、16.7%、6.0%、3.3%,简化苗木活力指数分别为1.39~0.08和1.52~0.07,且毛红椿的种子萌发率和简化苗木活力指数均明显高于水松。萌发恢复实验结果表明,高浓度NaCl处理后的种子具有较高的萌发恢复率。根据实验结果初步判定毛红椿种子具有较强的耐盐性。     

毛胶薯蓣多糖胶与常用植物胶的流变性比较研究

用毛胶薯蓣提取分离毛胶薯蓣多糖胶(DSP)。将DSP与其他四种胶(瓜尔胶、魔芋胶、白芨胶、海藻酸钠)的粘度与浓度、温度、pH、降解时间、冻融变化及耐盐性的关系,以及起泡性能进行了比较研究。结果表明:DSP溶液的浓度与粘度正相关;温度在0~40℃间具有良好的热稳定性,40~90℃间其粘度随温度的升高而降低,且符合阿累尼乌斯动力学曲线;pH的改变、冻融变化和加入氯化钠、氯化钙对DSP粘度的影响甚微;同时DSP还具有优良的起泡性。     

Evidence of effects of human disturbance on alert response in Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus)

To understand effects of human disturbance on alert response of Père David's deer, we carried out an experiment in the Dafeng Père David's Deer Reserve (32°59′–33°03′N, 120°47′–120°53′E), China. In the spring and summer, we observed alert responses (including stare, walking away, and flee) of deer and recorded the intensity of tourist disturbance in a small display pen using a laser‐range finder to measure the alert distance of a free‐ranging group in a large enclosure. We also recorded the pattern of head orientation when deer were resting in these two deer groups. After statistical analysis, we found that: 1) in small pen, the frequency of alert response was significantly different among different intensities of human disturbance; strong disturbance resulted in higher frequency of alert response; 2) stare distance in the free‐ranging group in summer was significantly longer than that in spring, but the distance of walking away and the distance of flee showed no significant difference between the two seasons; and 3) in free‐ranging group, there was no significant directional difference in head orientation, whereas in display group, there was a significant directional difference in head orientation. We suggest that: 1) under the captive situation, human disturbance may be one of the factors that affect alert response in Père David's deer; and 2) Père David's deer adopted different alert response to adapt to human disturbance under different circumstance. We recommended that relationships between alert response and human disturbance should be considered in ex situ conservation of this field extinct deer. Zoo Biol 26:461–470, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Long-term effects of nitrogen deposition on vegetation in a deciduous forest near Munich,Germany

Question: What are the main reasons for changes in the spatial distribution of vegetation types during the last four decades? Location: Isolated small deciduous forest; surrounded by farmland in the northeast of Munich (Germany). Methods: Based on sequential vegetation mapping from the last four decades the spatial development of the vegetation was analysed. Additionally, environmental parameters (soil parameters, PAR, N-deposition) have been analysed to describe the different vegetation types. Results: By linking the vegetation types to environmental parameters, it was possible to identify N-deposition as the most important factor for the changes. In the 1960s to 1980s the replacement of vegetation types adapted to N-poor conditions by N-rich vegetation was very fast. A vegetation type containing species signifying soil impoverishment vanished totally, another vegetation type indicating nutrient poor conditions decreased dramatically. However, since 1985 up to now the decrease of N-poor vegetation types has slowed, but is still ongoing. As a reason for the decreased rate of replacement, we stressed changes in the vertical structure: From 1961 to 1985 both N-deposition as well as changes in vertical vegetation structure seem to be important. Since 1985 up to now only minor changes in vertical structure could be found; changes are mainly due to N-availability. Conclusion: In this paper, the limitations of different methods to detect vegetation changes are discussed. We focus on the potentials of historical vegetation data and vegetation maps. It is shown that valuable information on N-induced vegetation changes can be retrieved from historical vegetation data.     

Optimal management of the rare Gladiolus imbricatus in Estonian coastal meadows indicated by its population structure

Questions: What is the best grassland management regime for the threatened plant species Gladiolus imbricatus; is the stage structure of local populations a feasible indicator of the effect of changed management. Location: Coastal meadow system in southwestern Estonia. Methods : The effect of five management regimes was studied in a long‐term (three‐year) field experiment: (1) mowing in late July, (2) grazing by cattle, (3) grazing by sheep, (4) sheep grazing during the first year and mowing during subsequent years, (5) no management (control). Results: The population density increased significantly in response to the mowing treatment and to the mowing after sheep grazing treatment. The proportion of grazed plant individuals was higher in the sheep‐grazed than in the cattle‐grazed treatment. Generative and vegetative adult individuals of G. imbricatus were significantly more damaged by cattle herbivory than juveniles. All management regimes shifted the population structure towards a dynamic state where juvenile stages dominate, while the not managed control retained a regressive population structure. Conclusions: Population stage structure was a useful indicator of different management conditions, even in the case where population density did not differ. As indicated by population stage structure, the best management regime for G. imbricatus was either mowing in late July only, or alternation of grazing and mowing in different years.     

Reinstatement of traditional mowing regimes counteracts population senescence in the rare perennial Primula vulgaris

Question: Traditional management of grassland verges or ditch banks included mowing as a way to provide additional harvesting of hay. Nowadays, such sites are often left unmanaged, as mowing verges is no longer profitable in modern agricultural systems. Are vulnerable plant species able to withstand competition with the surrounding vegetation and maintain viable populations under these circumstances? How do they respond to reinstatement of traditional mowing regimes? Location: Oedelem, northwestern Belgium. Methods: To investigate the effect of reinstatement of the rare perennial Primula vulgaris, demography and adult plant performance were monitored in a grassland verge between 1999 and 2003 under different mowing regimes. Year transitions between life stages were analysed with matrix population models. To disentangle the contributions of the deviations in different life stage transitions to the variation in overall population growth rate, life table response experiments were used. Results: Both management and year had a strong impact on demographic traits of P. vulgaris. If plots were left unmanaged, lower plant performance and declining population growth rates were observed. While population growth rates differed significantly between mowing regimes, mowing of plots only in July did not differ from mowing in July and October in terms of vegetative and reproductive output of adults. Mowing twice a year appeared to be most efficient in increasing population growth rate both by raising recruitment and growth of individuals into large reproductive adults. Conclusions: Large P. vulgaris populations show a good ability to recover from recent abandonment of traditional management regimes. By mowing twice a year, managers are able to target vital rates that are most influential: growth and flowering of adult individuals.