Vergleichende Karyologie der Gräser-SubtribenAristaveninae undAirinae (Poaceae — Aveneae)

The chromosome numbers of nearly all species of the grass subtribesAristaveninae andAirinae from Europe and northern Africa are presented. Among theAristaveninae the genusAristavena has 2n = 14 chromosomes, whereasDeschampsia forms a polyploid series with the basic number x = 13. In the subtribeAirinae the basic number x = 7 predominates.Avenella includes a polyploid series up to dekaploidy, whilst the lowest diploid value so far known in grasses — caused by descending dysploidy — exists in the annual generaAiropsis andPeriballia with 2n = 8.From both subtribes 12 different karyotypes are described and depicted as idiograms. The basic karyotypes ofCorynephorus, Periballia andVahlodea differ from each other by different chromosome length. SAT-chromosomes in theAirinae vary somewhat. Some marker chromosomes eludicate phylogenetic relationships. Amphiplasty appears in various genera and was studied particularly in the amphidiploidAira caryophyllea. Karyological and genomatic trends are considered in relation to evolutionary strategies of annuals and perennials.The nuclear DNA content of some species has been determined cytophotometrically. In subtribeAirinae a positive correlation exists between chromosome volume, pollen diameter, and DNA content. A comparison of the duration of microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis in annual and perennial species with their nuclear DNA content has shown that a primary nucleotypic influence is not recognizable.

     

Declining body size in an endangered large mammal

Body size affects almost every aspect of the biology of a species. According to the ‘resource rule’, decreasing resource availability (e.g. prey density) will lead to a reduction in body size or, alternatively, a decline in mass‐independent energy expenditure. In the present study, we provide a test of this hypothesis, assessing the effect of significantly decreasing prey density on endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) body size and energy expenditure over a 20‐year period. As predicted from the ‘resource rule’, decreasing resource availability resulted in energetic re‐allocation: wild dogs' body size decreased significantly (both shorter and slimmer), whereas our fitness‐related measure of energy expenditure (i.e. litter size) remained constant over time. A phenotypic change of up to 17% within 20 years, as found in the present study, appears to be unprecedented in a nonharvested large mammal, thus advancing the emerging field of eco‐evolutionary dynamics. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 105 , 8–12.     

A new cryptic Sympistis from eastern North America revealed by novel larval phenotype and host plant association (Lepidoptera,Noctuidae, Oncocnemidinae)

A Triosteum-feeding species of Sympistis is described from eastern North America: Sympistis forbesi sp. n. Identity of the new species is most reliably determined from larval morphology and host plant association—both adult scaling and genitalic characters overlap with those of Sympisitis chionanthi, a Chionanthus and Fraxinus feeder.     

Journal of Genetics and Genomics

正Aims and Scope Journal of Genetics and Genomics(JGG)is an international journal publishing peer-reviewed articles of novel and significant discoveries in the fields of genetics and genomics.Topics of particular interest include but are not limited to:molecular genetics,developmental genetics,cytogenetics,epigenetics,medical genetics,population and evolutionary genetics,genomics and functional genomics as well as bioinformatics and computational biology.The main article types     

Journal of Genetics and Genomics

正Aims and Scope Journal of Genetics and Genomics(JGG)is an international journal publishing peer-reviewed articles of novel and significant discoveries in the fields of genetics and genomics.Topics of particular interest include but are not limited to:molecular genetics,developmental genetics,cytogenetics,epigenetics,medical genetics,population and evolutionary genetics,genomics and functional genomics as well     

Investigating the evolution of floras: problems and progress — An introduction

The Cape flora of southern Africa is a remarkable hotspot for plant species diversity and endemism. At a meeting in Zurich in 2004 progress in understanding the evolution of this diversity was reviewed. In this symposium, four papers presenting several of the methods used in this investigation were reported. These papers deal with molecular dating methods, the reconstruction of ancestral habitats, with possible speciation scenarios for the Cape flora, and the importance of the correct sampling strategies.     

幽门螺杆菌感染性胃癌组织中cyclinD1、MMP-9的表达及其临床意义

目的:探讨幽门螺杆菌(HP)感染性胃癌组织中细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclinD1)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)的表达及其临床意义。方法:选取2016年12月到2018年6月期间在兰州大学第一医院接受治疗的胃癌患者80例,收集其手术切除的病理组织。采用C-14呼气试验和改良Giemsa染色检测患者HP感染的情况,采用免疫组化法检测胃癌组织中cyclinD1、MMP-9表达情况。分析HP感染、cyclinD1、MMP-9表达与胃癌患者临床病理特征的关系,并分析胃癌患者HP感染与cyclinD1、MMP-9表达的相关性。结果:80例胃癌患者HP感染阳性56例(70.00%),阴性24例(30.00%)。有淋巴结转移、浸润深度为T3+T4的胃癌患者的HP感染阳性率高于无淋巴结转移、浸润深度为T1+T2的胃癌患者(P0.05)。80例胃癌患者cyclinD1阳性表达45例(56.25%),阴性表达35例(43.75%),MMP-9阳性表达65例(81.25%),阴性表达15例(18.75%),TNM临床分期为III+IV期、分化程度为低分化、有淋巴结转移、浸润深度为T3+T4的胃癌患者的cyclinD1、MMP-9阳性表达率明显高于TNM临床分期为I+II期、分化程度为中高分化、无淋巴结转移、浸润深度为T1+T2的胃癌患者(P0.05)。HP感染阳性患者的cyclinD1阳性表达率和MMP-9阳性表达率均明显高于HP感染阴性患者(P0.05)。Pearson相关分析显示,胃癌患者HP感染与cyclinD1、MMP-9表达均呈正相关(P0.05)。结论:胃癌患者的HP感染情况与淋巴结转移、浸润深度有关,cyclinD1和MMP-9的表达与TNM临床分期、分化程度、淋巴结转移、浸润深度有关,且胃癌患者HP感染与cyclinD1、MMP-9表达均呈正相关。     

Plant adaptation to climate change—Where are we?

Climate change poses critical challenges for population persistence in natural communities, for agriculture and environmental sustainability, and for food security. In this review, we discuss recent progress in climatic adaptation in plants. We evaluate whether climate change exerts novel selection and disrupts local adaptation, whether gene flow can facilitate adaptive responses to climate change, and whether adaptive phenotypic plasticity could sustain populations in the short term. Furthermore, we discuss how climate change influences species interactions. Through a more in‐depth understanding of these eco‐evolutionary dynamics, we will increase our capacity to predict the adaptive potential of plants under climate change. In addition, we review studies that dissect the genetic basis of plant adaptation to climate change. Finally, we highlight key research gaps, ranging from validating gene function to elucidating molecular mechanisms, expanding research systems from model species to other natural species, testing the fitness consequences of alleles in natural environments, and designing multifactorial studies that more closely reflect the complex and interactive effects of multiple climate change factors. By leveraging interdisciplinary tools (e.g., cutting‐edge omics toolkits, novel ecological strategies, newly developed genome editing technology), researchers can more accurately predict the probability that species can persist through this rapid and intense period of environmental change, as well as cultivate crops to withstand climate change, and conserve biodiversity in natural systems.