以子囊菌部分类群的rRNA数据为例,评估不同分区策略对贝叶斯分析效果的影响(英文)

在使用rRNA基因进行系统发育分析过程中,不同位点间进化速度的差异性可能是导致系统误差的一个重要原因。以52个真菌为研究对象,利用rRNA二级结构特征构建分区策略,探讨不同分区策略对贝叶斯分析的影响。结果显示各结构分区的最优核酸替代模型及其参数与分区类型密切相关。与传统的贝叶斯方法相比,使用结构环的分区策略对结果没有显著影响,而引入臂元素的方法却导致更高的边际似然值和支持率。此外,不考虑结构特征,简单的增加子分区数量的分区策略尽管也能导致贝叶斯因素值的增加,却没有提高解决亲缘关系的能力,说明一个合理的分区策略应该基于生物学功能(或二级结构特征)而非纯数学因素。     

生物磁受体蛋白MagR/IscA研究进展

铁硫簇蛋白是一类重要的线粒体功能蛋白,在细胞能量代谢、电子传递、底物结合与激活、铁/硫存储、酶促反应、基因表达调控等诸多过程中均发挥了关键作用.铁硫簇蛋白质组装及转运过程一旦发生障碍,必将严重影响细胞内铁的稳态及铁硫蛋白的功能.分子质量约11 ku的铁硫簇蛋白IscA,是铁硫蛋白亚家族hesB高保守性成员之一,能结合铁离子及[2Fe-2S]簇,参与铁硫簇蛋白质合成,因此IscA在铁硫簇组装蛋白与级联反应系统中具有重要的作用.更值得关注的是,2015年谢灿和张生家两个研究组发现IscA1具有磁受体(MagR/MAR)作用,此外,谢灿课题组揭示MagR能与Cry形成磁感应复合物行使磁感应器(magnetic sensor,MagS)功能.尤为重要的是,体内实验表明通过外磁场刺激活化MagR能调控相关磁基因表达,影响神经活动及行为定位.鉴于MagR磁受体的独特功能,张生家等将磁受体的基因定位与远程磁刺激相结合,发明了一种非损伤性的神经调控方法,称之为磁遗传学.本文简要介绍MagR/IscA及其同源基因的始初发现与鉴定历程、进化保守性、独特的生理生物学功能,并凝练出磁遗传假说机制调控模型,以解释MagR/IscA的磁遗传学功能.     

转录组测序揭示翼盖蕨(Didymochlaena trancatula)的全基因组复制历史

全基因组复制在动植物中普遍存在, 被认为是促进物种进化的重要动力之一。作为蕨类植物的单种科物种, 翼盖蕨(Didymochlaena trancatula)是真水龙骨类I的基部类群, 在蕨类中具有独特的演化地位。本研究基于高通量测序, 通过同义替换率(Ks)分析、相对定年分析揭示翼盖蕨的全基因组复制发生情况。Ks分析表明, 翼盖蕨至少经历了两次全基因组复制事件, 其中一次发生于59-62 million years ago (Mya), 另一次发生于90-94 Mya, 这两次全基因组复制事件分别和白垩纪第三纪的Cretaceous-Tertiary (C-T)大灭绝事件以及翼盖蕨的物种分化时间相吻合。进一步对两次全基因组复制保留的基因进行功能注释和富集分析, 结果显示与转录及代谢调控相关的基因优势被保留。翼盖蕨的全基因组复制事件可能促进了该物种的分化及其对极端环境的适应性。     

中国特有森林树种华山松的群体进化历史研究

利用现代分子群体遗传学的分析手段,对华山松27个自然群体129个个体的样本进行双亲遗传核基因AGP6片段的测序分析,检测该物种在第四纪冰期时的避难所和群体进化历史。结果表明:(1)华山松群体在AGP6基因座位上具有较高水平的核苷酸多态性,其沉默位点多样性值(πt=0.013 8,πsil=0.030 6)显著高于其他松属植物。(2)基于Bayesian聚类分析结果表明,华山松具有明显的群体遗传结构,地理分布区上能够分为中国中部和中国西南部两大区域族群,Network网络分析和系统发育分析均得到了相似的结果。(3)分子变异(AMO-VA)分析结果表明,遗传变异主要存在于群体内(65.65%)和族群间(30.18%),群体间存在较小的变异量(4.17%);物种水平和族群水平上的群体错配分析分布均呈多峰模式,说明华山松群体未经历过近期的扩张事件。(4)秦岭山脉和横断山区的群体存在较高水平的单倍型多样性和较多的特有稀有单倍型,进一步结合单倍型间的多样性关系,推测这些区域可能是华山松在第四纪冰期时期的避难所。研究认为,不同避难所地区间长期的地理隔离以及高大山脉、河流等异质性生境的形成可能促使了华山松在中国中部和西南部两大区域族群的异质性分化以及物种较高水平的核苷酸多态性。     

央地两级政府生态治理行动的演化博弈分析——基于财政分权视角

生态环境是人类社会经济发展过程中的重要组成部分,然而由于粗放的经济发展模式,生态系统退化严重,影响人类幸福感和可持续发展。中央政府和地方政府是生态环境的主要治理主体,因此研究两类群体在生态治理过程中的行为互动机制具有较强的现实意义。基于财政分权的背景,从微观主体的收益函数出发,构建央地两级政府生态治理行动的演化博弈模型,探究两类主体的行为特征及其影响因素。根据复制动态方程分析参与主体的演化规律,采用MATLAB仿真工具分析不同情形下演化均衡状态及收敛趋势。研究结果表明,中央政府与地方政府在一定程度上都是"理性经济人",系统稳定均衡策略取决于地方政府"严格执行"生态治理的净收益和中央政府"严格监管"的净收益,其中关键指标包括:地方政府生态治理执行力度和成本、政绩考核体系中生态指标和经济指标的权重系数、中央政府的监管成本、监管力度和惩罚金额。据此提出"财政分权同时创新地方政绩考核机制、发展比较优势、拓宽监管渠道"等对策建议,引导央地两级政府共同促进生态治理工作有效实施。     

Vicariance and dispersal in southern hemisphere freshwater fish clades: a palaeontological perspective

Widespread fish clades that occur mainly or exclusively in fresh water represent a key target of biogeographical investigation due to limited potential for crossing marine barriers. Timescales for the origin and diversification of these groups are crucial tests of vicariant scenarios in which continental break‐ups shaped modern geographic distributions. Evolutionary chronologies are commonly estimated through node‐based palaeontological calibration of molecular phylogenies, but this approach ignores most of the temporal information encoded in the known fossil record of a given taxon. Here, we review the fossil record of freshwater fish clades with a distribution encompassing disjunct landmasses in the southern hemisphere. Palaeontologically derived temporal and geographic data were used to infer the plausible biogeographic processes that shaped the distribution of these clades. For seven extant clades with a relatively well‐known fossil record, we used the stratigraphic distribution of their fossils to estimate confidence intervals on their times of origin. To do this, we employed a Bayesian framework that considers non‐uniform preservation potential of freshwater fish fossils through time, as well as uncertainty in the absolute age of fossil horizons. We provide the following estimates for the origin times of these clades: Lepidosireniformes [125–95 million years ago (Ma)]; total‐group Osteoglossomorpha (207–167 Ma); Characiformes (120–95 Ma; a younger estimate of 97–75 Ma when controversial Cenomanian fossils are excluded); Galaxiidae (235–21 Ma); Cyprinodontiformes (80–67 Ma); Channidae (79–43 Ma); Percichthyidae (127–69 Ma). These dates are mostly congruent with published molecular timetree estimates, despite the use of semi‐independent data. Our reassessment of the biogeographic history of southern hemisphere freshwater fishes shows that long‐distance dispersals and regional extinctions can confound and erode pre‐existing vicariance‐driven patterns. It is probable that disjunct distributions in many extant groups result from complex biogeographic processes that took place during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Although long‐distance dispersals likely shaped the distributions of several freshwater fish clades, their exact mechanisms and their impact on broader macroevolutionary and ecological dynamics are still unclear and require further investigation.     

Morphological and biomechanical disparity of crocodile-line archosaurs following the end-Triassic extinction

Mesozoic crurotarsans exhibited diverse morphologies and feeding modes, representing considerable ecological diversity, yet macroevolutionary patterns remain unexplored. Here, we use a unique combination of morphological and biomechanical disparity metrics to quantify the ecological diversity and trophic radiations of Mesozoic crurotarsans, using the mandible as a morpho-functional proxy. We recover three major trends. First, the diverse assemblage of Late Triassic crurotarsans was morphologically and biomechanically disparate, implying high levels of ecological variation; but, following the end-Triassic extinction, disparity declined. Second, the Jurassic radiation of marine thalattosuchians resulted in very low morphological disparity but moderate variation in jaw biomechanics, highlighting a hydrodynamic constraint on mandibular form. Third, during the Cretaceous terrestrial radiations of neosuchians and notosuchians, mandibular morphological variation increased considerably. By the Late Cretaceous, crocodylomorphs evolved a range of morphologies equalling Late Triassic crurotarsans. By contrast, biomechanical disparity in the Cretaceous did not increase, essentially decoupling from morphology. This enigmatic result could be attributed to biomechanical evolution in other anatomical regions (e.g. cranium, dentition or postcranium), possibly releasing the mandible from selective pressures. Overall, our analyses reveal a complex relationship between morphological and biomechanical disparity in Mesozoic crurotarsans that culminated in specialized feeding ecologies and associated lifestyles.