全文获取类型
收费全文 | 8977篇 |
免费 | 1874篇 |
国内免费 | 1031篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 84篇 |
2023年 | 409篇 |
2022年 | 404篇 |
2021年 | 615篇 |
2020年 | 561篇 |
2019年 | 556篇 |
2018年 | 427篇 |
2017年 | 451篇 |
2016年 | 416篇 |
2015年 | 426篇 |
2014年 | 520篇 |
2013年 | 652篇 |
2012年 | 417篇 |
2011年 | 447篇 |
2010年 | 355篇 |
2009年 | 451篇 |
2008年 | 456篇 |
2007年 | 472篇 |
2006年 | 394篇 |
2005年 | 384篇 |
2004年 | 313篇 |
2003年 | 317篇 |
2002年 | 246篇 |
2001年 | 218篇 |
2000年 | 182篇 |
1999年 | 179篇 |
1998年 | 135篇 |
1997年 | 138篇 |
1996年 | 133篇 |
1995年 | 107篇 |
1994年 | 104篇 |
1993年 | 92篇 |
1992年 | 89篇 |
1991年 | 72篇 |
1990年 | 58篇 |
1989年 | 61篇 |
1988年 | 47篇 |
1987年 | 59篇 |
1986年 | 40篇 |
1985年 | 52篇 |
1984年 | 51篇 |
1983年 | 32篇 |
1982年 | 49篇 |
1981年 | 40篇 |
1980年 | 30篇 |
1979年 | 20篇 |
1978年 | 32篇 |
1977年 | 25篇 |
1976年 | 18篇 |
1975年 | 13篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 109 毫秒
121.
R. Hao D. R. Cerutis H. S. Blaxall J. F. Rodriguez-Sierra R. F. Pfeiffer M. Ebadi 《Neurochemical research》1994,19(6):761-767
Metallothionein (MT) isoforms I and II were first identified and characterized in our laboratories in several regions of brain, in hippocampal neurons in primary culture, and in retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma cell lines. In this study, by having employed the MT-I cDNA as a probe, we sought to gain additional insight about the function of MT by discerning the regional distribution of its mRNA. Northern blot analyses of brain mRNA revealed that the administration of zinc enhanced dramatically MT-I mRNA (570 bp). The in situ hybridization study revealed that MT-I mRNA was located in several areas of brain, with the highest concentrations found in the cerebellum, hippocampus, and ventricles. The results of these studies are interpreted to suggest that zinc enhances the synthesis of MT mRNA and MT in turn may participate in zinc associated functions in neurons.Abbreviations MT-I
Metallothionein I isoform
- mRNA
Messenger ribonucleic acid
-
35S dCTP
35S Deoxycytidine triphosphate
-
32P dCTP
32P Deoxycytidine triphosphate
- icv
Intracerebroventricularly
- IP
Intraperitoneally
- PBS
Paraformaldehyde phosphate buffered saline solution
- Tris
2 amino-2-hydroxymethylpropane-1,3 diol
- EDTA
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- cDNA
Complimentary deoxyribonucleic acid
- bp
Base pair 相似文献
122.
We have developed theoretical models for analysis of X-ray diffuse scattering from protein crystals. A series of models are proposed to be used for experimental data with different degrees of precision. First, we propose the normal mode model, where conformational dynamics of a protein is assumed to occur mostly in a limited conformational subspace spanned by a small number of low-frequency normal modes in the protein. When high precision data are available, variances and covariances of the normal mode variables can be determined from experimental data using this model. For experimental data with lower degrees of precision, we introduce a series of simpler models. These models express the covariance matrix using relatively simple empirical correlation functions by assuming the correlation between a pair of atoms to be isotropic. As an application of these simpler models, we calculate diffuse-scattering patterns from a human lysozyme crystal to examine how each adjustable parameter in the models affects general features of the resulting patterns. The results of the calculation are summarized as follows. (1) The higher order scattering makes a significant contribution at high resolutions. (2) The resulting simulated patterns are sensitive to changes in correlation lengths of about 1 Å, as well as to changes of the functional form of the correlation function. (3) But only the “average” value of the intra- and intermolecular correlation lengths seems to determine the gross features of the pattern. (4) The effect of the atom-dependent amplitude of fluctuations is difficult to observe. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
123.
124.
陕西关中小麦品种更替中性状演变及其发展方向 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9
以关中地区四十年代到九十年代推广种植的主要代表品种及品系为材料,对其分蘖动态、生育期、株高因素、穗部性状、产量、生物学产量、经济系数及冬春性等20个性状进行了研究,其结果表明关中地区四十代到九十年代小麦品种性状演变的趋势是:冬、春季分蘖变化不大,冬季分蘖趋向略增;春季分蘖趋向略减;成穗数趋向降低,拨节,抽穗和开花期有趋早倾向,而成熟期和总生育天数无明显变化,株高降低极明显(137.7-85.2cm 相似文献
125.
Valerie Gray Hardcastle 《Biology & philosophy》1993,8(2):173-192
I examine the branch of evolutionary epistemology which tries to account for the character of cognitive mechanisms in animals and humans by extending the biological theory of evolution to the neurophysiological substrates of cognition. Like Plotkin, I construe this branch as a struggling science, and attempt to characterize the sort of theory one might expect to find this truly interdisciplinary endeavor, an endeavor which encompasses not only evolutionary biology, cognitive psychology, and developmental neuroscience, but also and especially, the computational modeling of artificial life programming; I suggest that extending Schaffner's notion of interlevel theories to include both horizontal and vertical levels of abstraction best fits the theories currently being developed in cognitive science. Finally, I support this claim with examples drawn from computational modeling data using the genetic algorithm. 相似文献
126.
R. W. Wilson E. W. Taylor 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1993,163(3):239-246
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, acclimated to 33% sea water (12 mg·ml-1 salinity) experienced significant (10 meq·1-1) increases in plasma [Na+] and [Cl-] within 5 h of exposure to 6.3 mol copper·1-1 indicating severe impairment of branchial ionoregulatory capacity. All plasma ion levels subsequently stabilised once the transbranchial [Na+] gradient was reduced to zero. The similar ionic strength of the external medium and their body fluids appeared to protect trout maintained in 33% sea water from further ionoregulatory stress and any secondary physiological disturbances during exposure to copper. Despite three- and fourfold greater transbranchial [Na+] and [Cl-] gradients, trout acclimated to full-strength sea water (35 mg·ml-1 salinity) suffered no major changes in plasma Na+, Cl-, K+, or Ca2+, blood gases or haematology during 24 h exposure to 6.3 mol copper·1-1. This reduction in toxicity in full strength sea water cannot be explained by differences in copper speciation. We suggest that during acute exposure to waterborne copper, active NaCl extrusion is unaffected due to the basolateral location of the gill Na+/K+-ATPase, but that ionoregulatory disturbances can occur due to gill permeability changes secondary to the displacement of surface-bound Ca2+. However, in full strength sea water the three-fold higher ambient [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] appear to be sufficient to prevent any detrimental permeability changes in the presence of 6.3 mol copper·1-1. Plasma [NH
+
4
] and [HCO
-
3
] were both significantly elevated during exposure to copper, indicating that some aspects of gill ion transport (specifically the apical Na+/NH
+
4
and Cl-/HCO
-
3
exchanges involved in acid/base regulation and nitrogenous waste excretion) are vulnerable to inhibition in the presence of waterborne copper.Abbreviations
C
aO2
arterial oxygen content
- Hb
haemoglobin
- Hct
haematocrit
- MABP
mean arterial blood pressure
- MCHC
mean cell haemoglobin content
-
MO2
rate of oxygen consumption
-
P
a
CO2
arterial carbon dioxide tension
-
P
aO2
arterial oxygen partial pressure
- S
salinity
- SW
sea water
-
T
Amm
total ammonia (=NH3+NH
+
4
)
-
T
CO
2
total carbon dioxide
- TEP
transepithelial potential
- TOC
total organic carbon
- %Hb-O2
percentage of haemoglobin saturated with oxygen 相似文献
127.
This communication examines the possibility that nitric oxide (NO) production by endothelial cells results from changes in cell membrane fluidity. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) alters fluidity of the endothelial cell membranes causing vascular relaxation. Through membrane alterations LPC influences function of a number of membrane receptors and modulates enzyme activity. As a result of detergent action, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) causes activation of guanylate cyclase, stimulates syalytransferase and regulates protein kinase C activity. It has already been demonstrated that ionic detergents, such as Triton X-100 also cause vascular relaxation, possibly induced by NO production from endothelial cells. It is postulated that production of nitric oxide results from changes in membrane viscosity; this may represent a mechanism for its regulation in biological systems. 相似文献
128.
Submaximal,aerobic exercise training exacerbates the cardiomyopathy of postweanling Cu-depleted rats
Jeannette Davidson Denis M. Medeiros Robert L. Hamlin James E. Jenkins 《Biological trace element research》1993,38(3):251-272
To determine the dual effect of exercise training and copper depletion on myocardial function and ultrastructure, postweanling
rats were either trained or sedentary while fed copper-adequate or copper-deficient diets for 8 wk. Rats developed characteristic
myocardial subcellular degeneration and increased cardiac mitochondrial volume density when copper depleted, despite lack
of overt cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, or anemia. Training combined with copper depletion induced mild left ventricular
hypertrophy. Basal laminae appeared fractionated in areas at capillary-myocyte interface, with focal pericapillary and interstitial
collagen accumulation, where-as overt fibrosis was absent or minimal. Electrocardiograms revealed increased QRS wave and QT
duration and notching of QRS complex with copper depletion, consistent with intraventricular conductance disturbances. The
oxidative capacity of soleus muscle increased with training in copper-adequate rats, but was reduced with progressive copper
depletion. These data suggest that copper depletion and training are synergistic in effecting focal accumulation of collagen,
with deleterious effect on exercise capacity. 相似文献
129.
J. W. Kadereit 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》1994,107(6):369-373
Various explanations can be offered for the incongruence between phylogenetic hypotheses resulting from morphological and molecular data sets. Of these, the possibility that incongruence may result from the mutation of major morphogenetic genes leading to dramatic morphological divergence unaccompanied by equivalent change of the phylogenetic marker molecule(s) used is discussed in detail. As evidence for this hypothesis, several examples for such incongruence are surveyed. It seems possible that in many cases the genetic basis of the morphological characters responsible for the incongruence found may be simple, and that the genes involved may be homologous to genes known from mutant systems. It is suggested that: 1. the systematic documentation of incongruence between molecular and morphological phylogenies may help to assess the frequency of evolutionary change through the mutation of major morphogenetic genes, and that 2. the identification of major morphological characters distinguishing closely related taxa with mutant phenotypes known from mutant systems eventually may allow an experimental approach to the problem of evolutionary change resulting from major genes. Natural taxa suspected to be the result of such processes could be changed morphologically through transformation with the relevant genes. 相似文献
130.
HUIQUAN ZHAO YANG ZHAO JAMES J. NORDLUND RAYMOND E. BOISSY 《Pigment cell & melanoma research》1994,7(3):131-140
Human TRP-1 has been immunopurified from normal human melanocytes cultured from black neonatal subjects and used to investigate the catalytic function of TRP-1 for the two substrates, L-tyrosine and L-DOPA. Immunopurified TRP-1 did not demonstrate DOPA staining on SDS/PAGE nor DOPA oxidase (DO) activity with either routine or modified assays. The purified TRP-1 also demonstrated no tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity using the routine Pomerantz assay. However, there was apparent TH activity exhibited by immunopurified TRP-1 under conditions with low tyrosine concentration (≤0.8 μCi/ml of 3H-tyrosine), prolonged incubation time (i.e., overnight) and in the absence of the cofactor L-DOPA. Using these latter specific conditions, TH activity was also detected in cell lysates from a tyrosinase-negative albino melanocyte line which exhibited no TH activity with the routine Pomerantz assay. In addition, TH activity under low substrate assay conditions was not exhibited in a melanocyte line derived from a TRP-1 deficient, Brown albino individual. However, the absence of TH in this Brown albino cell line could be compensated for by the addition of L-DOPA to the assay. These results suggested that TRP-1 has some tyrosine hydroxylase but no DOPA oxidase activity. We propose that one function of TRP-1 is to modulate tyrosinase activity by making DOPA available as a cofactor to perpetuate the initial steps in melanogenesis. 相似文献