太湖藻型富营养化对水生高等植物的影响及植被的恢复

太湖的五里湖是典型的藻型富营养化湖泊,水质污染严重,水生高等植物消失。在该湖的物理生态工程围区内外,用盆吊繁殖试验、壮芽直播试验及人工水生植物群落套种栽培试验,研究藻型富营养化湖泊中影响水生高等植物生长、繁殖的主要水环境因子。结果表明,水体透明度是制约沉水植物和浮叶植物幼苗成活及生长的主要因子。在水体透明度较低、水下光照不足时,沉水植物生长受水下光照的影响大于浮叶植物,水下光照严重不足时,沉水植物的幼苗大量死亡。１９９５～１９９７年,在围区内成功地组建了包括漂浮植物、浮叶植物及沉水植物的１５个不同的水生高等植物群落。恢复和重建的水生高等植物群落能够有效地净化富营养化水体。     

3座南亚热带串联调水水库浮游植物群落的CCA分析

蛇地坑水库、南屏水库、竹仙洞水库是珠海市对澳门供水的3座串联水库,平均每天对澳门和拱北水厂供水2.2×10⁵m³。但水库自身流域集水难以满足水量需求,从广昌和平岗泵站从磨刀门水道抽水通过管道输入南屏水库,再进入竹仙洞水库或由洪湾泵站由洪湾水道抽水先进入蛇地坑水库后再进入竹仙洞水库。当竹仙洞水库供水不足时,蛇地坑水库泄水向竹仙洞水库输水洪湾泵站取水点位于磨刀门水道的下游,水质较差,长期调水入库增加了水库的营养盐负荷。蛇地坑水库的调水主要发生在1月份和3月份,水力滞留时间较长;南屏和竹仙洞水库的调水入库频繁,水体水力滞留时间短,平均为23.5和10天。2006年对3座水库进行了富营养化和浮游植物调查,营养盐浓度较低的蛇地坑水库4月份发生了蓝藻水华,而营养盐浓度较高的南屏和竹仙洞水库的蓝藻的生物量均很低,前者以硅藻为主要浮游植物类群,后者以绿藻为主。是什么原因导致这3座水库浮游植物群落结构的差异?蛇地坑水库的浮游植物以微囊藻、卷曲鱼腥藻、蓝纤维藻、小球藻和小环藻为优势;南屏水库浮游植物主要以假鱼腥藻、小环藻、针杆藻和微小多甲藻为优势种;竹仙洞水库浮游植物主要以衣藻、小环藻、游丝藻和隐藻等为优势种。三个水库相比较,蛇地坑水库4月份蓝藻占优势,其后主要以绿藻占优势,12月份是硅藻占优势;南屏水库4月份以绿藻为优势类群,随后的三个月以硅藻为优势类群,蓝藻在6月和8月为次优势类群,绿藻门的实球藻是12月份的优势种;竹仙洞水库浮游植物4月份丰度最高,绿藻门的四鞭藻是该时期的优势种,6月份竹仙洞水库浮游植物优势类群和4月份类似,但生物量明显下降,随后的三次采样,优势种更替较频繁,硅藻、绿藻、蓝藻和裸藻先后成为优势门类。应用典范对应分析(CCA) 对3座水库的浮游植物与环境因子关系分析:pH值、水位库容、正磷和水力滞留时间与浮游植物的分布关系最为直接;而透明度和降雨量对其也有一定的影响。在蛇地坑水库中,总磷、正磷酸盐浓度是影响蓝藻丰度的主要因子,硅藻则与库容和透明度有关。在南屏水库中,硅藻在短水力滞留时间期间丰度高,微小多甲藻的丰度主要出现在丰水期。竹仙洞水库的绿藻分成两个集群:四鞭藻、游丝藻等大型绿藻在低温、低水位和较长水力滞留时间的4月份较高;小球藻、栅藻、月牙藻等小型种类则与较高的水位和正磷酸盐浓度呈正相关。南屏水库与竹仙洞水库的浮游植物优势种类相似,蛇地坑水库的优势种则与它们存在较为明显的差异。从生物量上看丰水期南屏水库的硅藻为优势,而竹仙洞水库以绿藻为优势,主要是南屏水库截留了河流中含硅丰富的泥沙,且水体动荡更大的原因。影响这3座水库浮游植物群落组成的主要因素是水力滞留时间,短水力滞留时间抑制了南屏和竹仙洞水库中的蓝藻成为优势类群。     

稻作系统对淡水养殖池塘富营养化的修复效应及应用前景

养殖池塘富营养化是目前制约我国淡水养殖业可持续发展的关键因素。稻作系统具有显著的净化水质能力,如何将稻作系统和淡水养殖系统进行生态耦合实现氮、磷养分的循环利用,是淡水养殖池塘富营养化生态修复的一个重要研究方向。通过文献调研和实地考察,综合分析了浮床种稻-原位修复、稻田湿地-异位修复、稻鱼生态种养3种耦合方式对养殖池塘富营养化的修复效应,以及氮、磷养分综合利用效率,归纳总结了不同模式的技术特点以及应用中存在的问题,并就修复技术研究和生态补偿提出了培育生态修复专用水稻品种,加强稻作系统生态修复理论研究和技术推广,建立养殖池塘富营养化修复的生态补偿机制等建议。     

基于云模型的鄱阳湖秋季周边湿地水体富营养化评价

针对水体富营养化评价过程中存在随机性和模糊性的特点,基于鄱阳湖周边湿地30个采样点的实测水质数据,选取叶绿素a（Chl-a）、总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）、高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）及透明度（SD）为水质评价因子,生成云模型对鄱阳湖周边湿地水体进行富营养化评价,并与综合营养状态指数评价结果进行比较。结果表明：两种方法的评价结果存在一定差异,但都反映了鄱阳湖周边湿地水体总体上处于轻度富营养化状态。该方法能为鄱阳湖湿地水体富营养化评价提供重要的方法和手段。     

Acidification and alkalinization of lakes by experimental addition of nitrogen compounds

Fertilization of a small lake with ammonium chloride for four years as part of a eutrophication experiment caused it to acidify to pH values as low as 4.6. Implications for acidification of lakes via precipitation polluted with ammonium compounds are discussed.When phosphate was supplied with the ammonium, biological nitrogen uptake, apparently by phytoplankton, was the main mechanism causing acidification. When ammonium was applied without phosphate, it accumulated to high concentrations in solution, after which nitrification caused rapid acidification. In both cases, the whole-lake efficiency of acidification was low, averaging about 13% of the potential acidification of supplied ammonium chloride (Table 2).Subsequent application of phosphate plus sodium nitrate for two years caused the pH of the lake to increase. The efficiency of alkalinization was higher than for acidification, averaging 69% of the potential alkalinization of the supplied sodium nitrate.     

水动力扰动方式对富营养化湖泊藻毒素的影响

太湖是一个典型的大型浅水湖泊,在季风影响下,常年受风浪扰动影响。为了解风浪扰动对太湖水体中微囊藻释放藻毒素(MC)的影响,于2018年7月采集含有微囊藻水华的太湖原水,在中国科学院太湖湖泊生态系统研究站设置了对照、间歇扰动和持续扰动3种处理方式来进行模拟实验,研究水体中藻毒素的变化,实验共持续19 d。结果表明:3种处理方式下,MC浓度的变化趋势一致,1～13 d呈升高趋势,其后均有不同幅度的下降;对照组MC浓度最低,平均值为1.69μg·L-1,显著低于间歇扰动组和持续扰动组(P<0.05);间歇扰动组和持续扰动组MC均值分别为1.81和1.86μg·L-1,两者差异不显著; 3种处理方式下,单位藻细胞MC含量1～7 d持续减小,且各组间差异不显著(P>0.05); 10～19 d各组均有一个先增加后减小的过程,且组间差异均显著(P<0.05),对照组、间歇扰动组和持续扰动组单位藻细胞MC含量均值分别为0.55、1.20和1.98μg·108cells-1;本实验条件下MC与氮磷等因子显著负相关,与水温、SS、Chla等之间显著正相关。本研究表明,扰动可促进水体中藻...     

Associations between lake phytoplankton community and growth factors — a canonical correlation analysis

Canonical correlation analysis was used to study the associations between the most prevalent phytoplankton species and nine physical and chemical growth factors in a polyhumic Finnish lake. The analysis was made (a) to the ten species with the greatest mean biomass in the data over one growth season and (b) to the ten species providing the greatest canonical correlation with the growth factors. The latter species were detected using an exchange type procedure. The analysis showed strong associations within phyla. Especially the most problematic phylum with respect to the use of the lake, the cyanobacteria, had a pronounced mutual association, as they correlated negatively with the N/P ratio as positively with phosphorus.     

Nutrient retention by the Kis-Balaton Water Protection System

Water quality of Lake Balaton, particularly that of its south-western basin (the Keszthely-Bay), has been deteriorating faster and faster. The greatest transporter of inorganic nutrients to the Bay is the Zala River.The lower valley of the river was part of the lake until about 200 years ago. Later, a large part of the area was turned to a wetland, while the smaller part dried up.To retain the nutrients from Keszthely-Bay, the former marshland is now being reconstructed: the so-called Kis-Balaton Water Protection System (KBWPS). The first part of the System, the Hidvégi-Pond, has been operating since the middle of 1985. The second stage, the Fenéki-Pond, to be finished by the end of this century, is now under construction. The main purpose of the KBWPS is to gain enough time to build up the technology necessary for an adequate protection of Lake Balaton.From the beginning of the operation of the Hidvégi-Pond a multidisciplinary research program has been carried out to monitor the hydrological, hydraulical, ecological, and biological processes in the reservoir. This program focused on nitrogen and phosphorus loadings and retention. Input and output loads were estimated from daily measurements. The mechanisms of retention were studied in special projects.With the exception of TN, nutrient retention increased from year to year. In 1990, 96% of PO₄-P, 87% NO₃-N, and 58% of TP were retained.This efficiency exceeds expectations. Retention of TN is the lowest (about 20%), due to N₂-fixation by blue-green algae. However, the second stage needs to be implemented, since there is an additional external load from the watershed of the lower valley, and nutrient release takes place during decomposition of the organic matter which leaves the Hidvégi-Pond.     

Declines in occurrence of plants characteristic for a nutrient‐poor meadow habitat are partly explained by their responses to nutrient addition and competition

Species losses and local extinctions are alarmingly common, frequently as a consequence of habitat destruction. Nevertheless, many intact habitats also face species losses, most likely due to environmental changes. However, the exact drivers, and why they affect some species more than others in apparently intact habitats, are still poorly understood. Addressing these questions requires data on changes in occurrence frequency of many species, and comparisons of the responses of those species to experimental manipulations of the environment. Here, we use historic (1911) and contemporary (2017) data on the presence–absence of 42 plant species in 14 seemingly intact Molinia meadows around Lower Lake Constance to quantify changes in occurrence frequency. Then, we performed a common‐garden experiment to test whether occurrence frequencies in 1911 and changes therein by 2017 could be explained by responses of the 42 species to nutrient addition and competition with the acquisitive generalist grass Poa pratensis. Within the 14 still intact Molinia meadows, 36 of the 42 species had declined since 1911. As expected, nutrient addition generally led to increased biomass production of the 42 target species, and competition with P. pratensis had a negative effect. The latter was stronger at high nutrient availability. The more frequent species were in 1911 and the more they declined in frequency between 1911 and 2017, the less above‐ground biomass they produced in our experiment. Competition with P. pratensis magnified this effect. Our work highlights that environmental change can contribute to local extinction of species in otherwise intact habitat remnants. Specifically, we showed that increased nutrient availability negatively affected formerly widespread Molinia‐meadow species in competition with P. pratensis. Our study thus identified a likely mechanism for the decline in occurrence frequency of species in the remaining Molinia meadows.     

Effect of prolonged summer on two ox-bow lakes

Physicochemical as well hydrobiological investigations were made in two large tropical ox-bow lakes at monthly intervals during the period of two annual cycles of which the second one experienced an unusual drought. The monthly mean concentrations of total alkalinity, hardness, chloride, phosphate and nitrate of water were greatly increased during the drought-affected second year compared with the first year. Prolonged summer in the region caused about 5 - 25-fold increases in chlorophyll a concentration of nanoplankton and net plankton, respectively. Phytoplankton peaks were less developed during the first year, whereas the summer peak was greatly enlarged during the drought affected second year. There was about a twofold rise in the numbers of zooplankton during the second year as compared with the first year. Benthic invertebrates, on the other hand, were reduced in numbers. Fish production was relatively less during the drought affected second year than during the first year.