Spatial patterns and interspecific associations of three canopy species at different life stages in a subtropical forest, China

Spatial patterns of species at different life stages are an important aspect for understanding causal mechanisms that facilitate species co-existence.Using Ripley's univariate L(t) and bivariate L12(t) functions,we analyzed the spatial patterns and interspecific associations of three canopy species at different life history stages in a 20-ha subtropical forest plot in Dinghushan Nature Reserve.Based on diameter at breast height (DBH),four life stages were distinguished.Castanopsis chinensis and Schima superba showed a unimodal DBH distribution.Engelhardtia roxburghiana showed a bimodal curve.L(t) function analysis showed significantly aggregated distributions of all three species at later life stages and random distribution at early life stages at some scales.From the analysis of L12(t) function,the results showed the positive association was a dominant pattern for most species pairs at most scales but the intensity of association decreases with the increase of life stages.Juveniles of the three species had no negative intra- and interspecific associations with the older life stages.Only premature trees were suppressed by overmature trees at some scales.Considering these results,we found three canopy-dominant species that lacked regeneration.There was no direct competition occurring between understorey individuals.Young trees can grow well under conspecific species with two other species.Longevity and lack of regeneration led to a large number of trees stored in mature and overmature stages,therefore,intra-and inter-competition can be strong at later life stages.     

南亚热带森林优势种群荷木和锥栗在演替系列群落中的分子生态研究

Amplified fragment length polymorphism（AFLP）was used to analyze 2 populations: Schima superba Gardn. et Ｃhamp. and Castanopsis chinensis Hance. across three different communities representing three succession stages, in Dinghu Mountain, China. These two were middle succession species in the lower subtropical broad-leaved forest. Four AFLP primer combinations using total 48 individuals of S. superba provided 24, 40, 27 and 27 reliable bands, of which 15, 23, 23 and 16 were polymorphic, respectively. Similarly, total 48 individuals of C. chinensis provided 27, 20, 33 and 39 reliable bands, of which 12, 5, 15 and 13 were polymorphic respectively. These bands were used as presence/absence data to assess the levels of genetic variation and population structure of those species. From average heterozygosity, S．superba possessed higher molecular variation than C．chinensis. Analysis of molecular variance（AMOVA）indicated that most of the genetic variation of S．superba was due to the differences within population（95.99%, P<0.001）, with 4.01%（P<0.001）genetic variation among population. Similarly, AMOVA indicated the most of the genetic variation of C. chinensis was due to the differences within population（75.36%, P<0.001）, with 24.64%（P<0.001）genetic variation among communities（24.64%）. DCA（Detrended Correspondence Analysis） analysis showed that the individuals of S．superba from the same community did not cluster together, while the individuals of C．chinensis from the same community roughly cluster together. The above results reflected the biological characteristics of the two different species suggesting the significant effect of microenvironment of different community on population differentiation and its relationship of which to forest succession resulted in genetic divergence.     

南亚热带森林优势种群荷木和锥栗在演替系列群落中的分子生态研究(英文)

用扩增片段长度多态性 (AFLP ,amplifiedfragmentlengthpolymorphism)方法研究了荷木 (SchimasuperbaGardn .etChamp .)和锥栗 (CastanopsischinensisHance .)在 3个演替系列群落中的分子变化。研究地点位于广东省鼎湖山。 3个群落是针叶林群落、针阔叶混交林群落和常绿阔叶林群落。荷木的AFLP分析结果表明 ,4组引物对分别扩增出2 4、40、2 7、2 7条带 ,其中分别有 15、2 3、2 3、16条是多样性带 ;锥栗的AFLP分析结果表明同样的 4组引物对分别扩增出 2 7、2 0、33、39条带 ,其中分别有 12、5、15、13条是多样性带。平均杂合度表明荷木比锥栗有更大的分子变异。用AMOVA(analysisofmolecularvariance)分析表明荷木种群有 95 .99%的分子分化表现在种群内 ,4.0 1%的分子分化表现在种群间 ,表现极显著 (P <0 .0 0 1) ;锥栗种群有 75 .36 %的分子分化表现在种群内 ,2 4.6 4%的分子分化表现在种群间 ,极显著 (P <0 .0 0 1)。除趋势面对应分析表明荷木来自不同群落的个体分布没有规律 ,而锥栗来自不同群落的个体大致分布在一起。上述结果的产生是两个不同种群的生物学特性的反映 ,并提示了不同群落微环境对种群分化的影响 ,以及与森林演替群落的相关性。     

广西木荷林的分类和演替

木荷（ＳｃｈｉｍａｓｕｐｅｒｂａＧａｒｄｎ．ｅｔＣｈａｍｐ．）林是原来的常绿阔叶林遭受破坏以后,在保护较好的情况下,从演替系列群落顺向演替恢复为常绿阔叶林的一个早期类型。本文对广西木荷林进行分类,划分和论述７个群丛的种类组成特点和演替方向,可供进一步研究和规划退化生态系统的恢复和重建参考     

Krill maintenance and experimentation at the australian antarctic division

Live Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, have been maintained for experimental purposes at the Australian Antarctic Division since 1981. This population has been replenished on an annual basis with animals taken from the wild. Techniques used to capture and maintain live krill are discussed here, with particular reference given to the development of systems for their maintenance. Details are also provided for specific experimental systems that have been used to conduct research into the behaviour and physiology of krill both at-sea and in shore-based laboratories.     

不同养分环境下邻株竞争对木荷和杉木生长、细根形态及分布的影响

以木荷和杉木为试验材料,模拟异质和同质两种森林土壤养分环境,设计单植、两株纯植和两株混植3种栽植方式,开展盆栽试验研究木荷与杉木混交造林增产及木荷生长竞争优势形成的原因.结果表明: 与同质养分环境相比,异质养分环境中木荷与杉木混植时两树种均具有较高的苗高和干物质积累量,且木荷竞争优势明显,这与其根系可塑性强有关.混植的木荷各径级细根大量增生,其根系总长度、表面积和体积比杉木高80%～180%.木荷细根在垂直方向上采用了补偿性的生长策略,即除占据富养表层外,还在低养分斑块中大量增殖以获得更大的竞争优势.木荷与杉木的细根在土壤中的拓殖深度不同,生态位分化,缓解了两树种根系对养分的强烈竞争,提高了混植产量.纯植的木荷由于根系自我识别作用,抑制了根系的生长,使得纯植产量较低.细根在空间上错开和均匀分布可能是木荷纯林结构稳定的原因之一.建议在生产中采用块状整地和表层施肥等措施,改善土壤养分分布状况,营建混交林促进木荷和杉木生长,而对已营造的木荷人工纯林,可以及时调控林分密度促进林木生长.     

提高CO_2浓度对两种亚热带树苗叶片水分状况的影响

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林的主要优势乔木树种黧蒴和荷木的幼苗 ,盆栽于自然光照和人工调节 CO2 浓度为 50 0μl· L- 1或空气 CO2 ( 340μl· L- 1)的气罩中 3个月 .在各自生长条件下测定 ,高 CO2 下生长的黧蒴和荷木叶片平均气孔导度分别降低 1 3%和2 0 % ,蒸腾速率下降 2 0 %和 1 8% ,水分利用效率提高 1倍以上 ,不同 CO2 浓度下的植物叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率日进程曲线也有明显差异 .处理后将幼苗置于自然条件下观测其后效应 ,第 7d时处理间的气孔导度和蒸腾速率皆无明显差异     

高山植物美丽风毛菊PSII光化学效率和光合色素对短期增补UV-B辐射的响应

在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统实验站的综合观测场, 于植物生长季的不同月份进行短期增补UV-B辐射的模拟试验, 研究了高山植物美丽风毛菊(Saussurea superba)的PSII光化学效率、光合色素和UV-B吸收物质对增强UV-B辐射的响应。结果表明, 尽管差异不显著, 暗适应3 min的PSII最大光化学量子效率在不同月份均有降低的趋势, 说明增强UV-B辐射能加剧光合机构的光抑制。不同月份短期增补UV-B辐射均引起光下PSII实际光化学量子效率和光化学猝灭系数的降低, 以及非光化学猝灭系数的增高, 表明增强UV-B辐射能降低叶片的光能捕获效率, 促进非光化学能量耗散过程。增补UV-B辐射后, 叶片光合色素的含量略有降低趋势, 可能与短时间内光合色素形成过程受抑制和光氧化程度的加剧, 以及叶片厚度的略微降低有关。UV-B吸收物质的含量在不同月份没有一致和较为显著的变化, 说明高原强UV-B环境下生存的美丽风毛菊叶表皮层中由类黄酮和衍生多酚类组成的内部紫外屏蔽物质相对稳定, 倾向于较少受增补UV-B辐射的影响。     

中国木荷及木荷林的地理分布与气候的关系

在广泛收集木荷（ＳｃｈｉｍａｓｕｐｅｒｂａＧａｒｄｎ．ｅｔＣｈａｍｐ．）及木荷林地理分布资料的基础上,利用目前国际上比较流行的研究植被－气候相互关系的指标和方法,包括Ｋｉｒａ的水热指标,Ｐｅｎｍａｎ的公式,Ｔｈｏｒｎｔｈｗａｉｔｅ的指标和气候分类,Ｈｏｌｄｒｉｄｇｅ的生命地带分类系统指标,以及单一气象因子年平均气温、年降水量等,分析研究了木荷及木荷林在中国的分布与气候的关系,讨论了木荷分布上限、下限以及北界的Ｋｉｒａ热量指标状况,并利用Ｈｏｌｄｒｉｄｇｅ生命地带分类系统指标预测了未来气候变化条件下中国木荷及木荷林分布区的可能变化