不同光环境下木荷幼苗树冠结构的可塑性响应

从冠形、侧枝和叶片在树冠中的空间分布等方面对天然更新木荷（Schima superba Gardn．et Champ．）幼苗的树冠结构进行了研究,认为木荷幼苗的树冠对光照条件的变化有显著的可塑性响应。随着光照水平的提高,幼苗树冠由阔、松散型向相对紧密、窄冠型发展,表明木荷幼苗对不同光照环境有较强的适应能力。木荷幼苗在强光环境下产生短枝,在适度荫庇条件下侧枝和主枝同时向上方和侧方伸长生长;在强度遮阴条件下,侧枝发生强烈的伸长生长并发生强烈的分枝行为,同时在不同自然环境条件下幼苗的叶片密度由全光、林隙到林冠下逐渐提高。随着光照水平的减弱,1级侧枝密度逐渐降低,分枝（2级侧枝和3级侧枝）强度却逐渐增大,且侧枝在树冠上的分布有向匕集中的趋势。     

Isolation and characterization of 36 polymorphic microsatellite markers in Schima superba (Theaceae)

? Premise of the study: Our objective was to develop microsatellite markers to investigate the level of genetic diversity within and among populations in a dominant evergreen broad-leaved tree, Schima superba, in southern China. ? Methods and Results: Thirty-six microsatellite markers were developed and showed polymorphism in three populations. The number of alleles per locus ranged from six to 34, with an average of 19. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.242 to 1.000 and from 0.504 to 0.945, respectively. ? Conclusions: The developed microsatellites will be useful for studying genetic diversity and population structure in S. superba.     

荷木人工林蒸腾与冠层气孔导度特征及对环境因子的响应

为了解荷木人工林水分利用特征及与环境因子的关系,利用Granier热消散探针于2007年12月(干季)和2008年9月(湿季)对荷木(Schima superba)人工林的15株样树树干液流进行测定并结合环境因子,计算林段总蒸腾(Jd)和冠层气孔导度(gs)。结果表明:边材面积(As)越大的径级对林段总蒸腾量的贡献越大。Jd干湿季差异显著,9月和12月平均分别为21.1 g H2O s-1和7.03 g H2O s-1,显示了明显的季节变化。环境因子与Jd呈极显著相关性,相关系数依次为:光合有效辐射(PAR)水汽压亏缺(VPD)空气相对湿度气温。gs在9月和12月的最大值分别为30.8 mmol m-2s-1和19.7 mmol m-2s-1;gs与PAR呈线性正相关;当PAR1000μmol m-2s-1且VPD2kPa时,gs与VPD呈线性负相关;偏相关分析表明土壤含水量与gs没有显著的相关性,显示所研究时间内土壤水分状况对荷木人工林蒸腾没有显著影响。     

Enzyme inhibition activities of the extracts from rhizomes of Gloriosa superba Linn (Colchicaceae)

An alcoholic extract obtained from the rhizomes of Gloriosa superba Linn (Colchicaceae) was screened for enzyme inhibition activities. The crude extract and its subsequent fractions including chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous were screened against lipoxygenase, actylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and urease. An outstanding inhibition on lipoxygenase was observed. The highest enzyme inhibition potency was expressed by the chloroform fraction (90%) among the tested fractions on lipoxygenase. Overall 67– 90% inhibition was found for lipoxygenase, 46-69% for acetylcholinesterase and 10–33% for butyrylcholinesterase, while urease was not inhibited.     

Experiments on the physiology of southern and northern krill,Euphausia superba and Meganyctiphanes norvegica,with emphasis on moult and growth – a review

Physiological data are needed for life history studies on krill, and as parameters for input into energy budgets and models. In conjunction with moult and growth data, these may also prove useful for assessing the fishable biomass of krill. Here, the development of physiological concepts in experimental krill research is briefly evaluated, with emphasis on the gaps to be filled. Krill growth is very flexible, as well as strongly temperature and nutrition dependent. The polar Antarctic krill Euphausia superba grows as fast as the boreal species Meganyctiphanes norvegica, at least during the first 2.5 years, and the species are comparable in terms of physiological plasticity. Accordingly, as krill appear to adjust quickly to specific laboratory conditions, short-term experiments are essential if field conditions are to be reflected as closely as possible. Furthermore, direct comparisons between laboratory experiments and swarming studies in the field are advantageous. For these, M. norvegica is particularly well-suited, as swarms can be followed over longer times and more easily than in E. superba. For example, processes of moult and reproduction were found to be highly coordinated in swarms and populations of Northern krill. For this species a conceptual model of reproduction was developed based on a combination of short-term laboratory observations coupled with field data on moult and ovary stages. In further physiological experiments krill should be studied as groups when swarming. Using proxies, that is applying physiological and/or biochemical methods side by side, is a promising way to enhance the reliability of life history data.     

木荷树干夜间水分补充的季节动态及其与树形特征和叶片生物量的关系

利用热消散探针(TDP)法对位于中国科学院华南植物园的木荷(Schima superba)人工纯林的15株样树进行了树干液流监测, 并结合光合有效辐射(PAR)和土壤含水量的测定, 探讨了不同季节的夜间水分补充量与树形特征和叶片生物量的关系。结果表明: 1)夜间液流活动时间与PAR同步, 但其结束时间不受PAR影响; 春、夏季夜间液流明显比秋冬季活跃。2)春、夏、秋季的夜间水分补充量与样树的胸径、冠幅、边材面积、叶片生物量呈极显著线性关系, 与树高仅在春季呈显著线性关系。3)春、夏季的夜间水分补充量主要受样树冠幅影响, 成正相关; 秋季主要受胸径影响, 成正相关; 冬季仅受树高影响。该试验说明木荷夜间水分补充与树形特征、叶片生物量关系密切, 但起主要作用的树形特征和具体关系具有季节差别。     

高山植物美丽风毛菊PSII光化学效率和光合色素对短期增补UV-B辐射的响应

在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统实验站的综合观测场, 于植物生长季的不同月份进行短期增补UV-B辐射的模拟试验, 研究了高山植物美丽风毛菊(Saussurea superba)的PSII光化学效率、光合色素和UV-B吸收物质对增强UV-B辐射的响应。结果表明, 尽管差异不显著, 暗适应3 min的PSII最大光化学量子效率在不同月份均有降低的趋势, 说明增强UV-B辐射能加剧光合机构的光抑制。不同月份短期增补UV-B辐射均引起光下PSII实际光化学量子效率和光化学猝灭系数的降低, 以及非光化学猝灭系数的增高, 表明增强UV-B辐射能降低叶片的光能捕获效率, 促进非光化学能量耗散过程。增补UV-B辐射后, 叶片光合色素的含量略有降低趋势, 可能与短时间内光合色素形成过程受抑制和光氧化程度的加剧, 以及叶片厚度的略微降低有关。UV-B吸收物质的含量在不同月份没有一致和较为显著的变化, 说明高原强UV-B环境下生存的美丽风毛菊叶表皮层中由类黄酮和衍生多酚类组成的内部紫外屏蔽物质相对稳定, 倾向于较少受增补UV-B辐射的影响。     

Krill maintenance and experimentation at the australian antarctic division

Live Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, have been maintained for experimental purposes at the Australian Antarctic Division since 1981. This population has been replenished on an annual basis with animals taken from the wild. Techniques used to capture and maintain live krill are discussed here, with particular reference given to the development of systems for their maintenance. Details are also provided for specific experimental systems that have been used to conduct research into the behaviour and physiology of krill both at-sea and in shore-based laboratories.     

Breeding antarctic krill in captivity

Antarctic krill were maintained in large aquaria at Port of Nagoya Aquarium, Japan, under controlled photoperiod and were fed on phytoplankton and enriched animal feed. Maturation and spawning were induced after the light : dark (L : D) cycle was increased from 8 : 16 or 12 : 12 to 24 : 0, or when the L : D cycle was held constant at 14 : 10. This study is one of the first studies that demonstrate initiation of maturation and spawning events of krill under controlled photoperiod. Out of three experimental batches of krill, a total of 28 spawning events were observed. The mean number of eggs per event was 1424 with a range between 139 and 3458. The mean hatching success per batch was 19.1%. The relation between photoperiod and maturity/spawning is discussed. Furthermore, hatching is compared to previous studies and the reason for the low success is discussed.