广西桉树人工林叶面积指数的估测及其校正

叶面积指数(Leaf area index, LAI)是森林生态系统重要的结构参数,通过遥感技术可反演区域LAI,但其可靠性需要地面准确的实测数据进行验证。选取广西国有高峰林场不同林龄的桉树(Eucalyptus robusta)人工林为对象,以异速生长法(Allometry)为对照,综合利用植物冠层分析仪法(LAI-2200)、跟踪辐射和冠层结构分析仪法(TRAC)、半球摄影法(DHP)以及地基激光雷达法(TLS)等间接法估测样地的LAI,并考虑木质成分以及聚集效应影响,进行相应的校正处理,为地面快速、准确测量桉树人工林LAI提供参考。结果表明：桉树人工林的比叶面积为125.37±13.38 cm~2/g,通过Allometry获得的LAI变化范围在1.65—3.84,平均为2.73,不同林龄间的差异均显著(P<0.05),随着林龄的增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势。在未校正情况下,LAI-2200、TRAC、DHP、TLS估算的LAI存在显著差异(P<0.05)。与对照相比,LAI-2200在幼龄林和过熟林中估算误差最小,TRAC在成熟林中估算误差最小。相对于完全去除法,利用...     

Can Amphipod Behavior Help to Predict Chronic Toxicity of Sediments?

Amphipods are widely used in both acute and chronic (sub-lethal) sediment tests. Acute sediment tests provide relatively rapid results, but may fail to detect moderately toxic contaminants that are bound to the sediment, whereas chronic life-cycle tests are rarely performed as they are time consuming and expensive. Observations during chronic testing of oil-contaminated sediment suggested that there may be a link between the behavior of the marine amphipod Corophium volutator and reduction in growth rate. Behavior tests were performed with six individual amphipods per treatment using sediment spiked with weathered Forties oil with burrowing time, re-emergence from sediment, and activity prior to burrowing as endpoints. Further behavior tests were used to predict the chronic toxicity of sediments spiked with three crude oils each with a dominant unresolved complex mixture of hydrocarbons (UCM). The effect of sediment type on behavior was also investigated. The results suggested that although the behavior test could not be used alone as a viable alternative to sediment toxicity tests, it could prove useful as an adjunct to acute tests, and help select sediments that deserve further investigation.     

薰衣草精油和芦荟对痤疮面部主要菌群的影响

目的 体外观察薰衣草精油和芦荟水提物对痤疮患者面部痤疮丙酸杆菌和表皮葡萄球菌的作用,为改善面部痤疮治疗提供理论依据.方法 采用连续梯度稀释法稀释薰衣草精油及芦荟水提物,纸片法观察不同浓度的精油和芦荟水提物对面部正常菌群表皮葡萄球菌和痤疮主要致病菌痤疮丙酸杆菌的作用;通过抑菌环的大小反应抑菌作用强弱,测定生长曲线以观察对细菌生长繁殖的影响.结果 薰衣草精油对痤疮丙酸杆菌的抑菌作用明显强于表皮葡萄球菌(P＜0.05);两种芦荟(库拉索芦荟和木立芦荟)对痤疮丙酸杆菌均无抑菌作用(P＞0.05);库拉索芦荟对表皮葡萄球菌有微弱的抑制作用(P＜0.05);木立芦荟对表皮葡萄球菌生长有促进作用.结论 薰衣草精油和芦荟水提物对痤疮患者面部主要细菌表皮葡萄球菌和痤疮丙酸杆菌的作用效果不同,薰衣草精油和木立芦荟水提物联合应用有可能通过调整面部微生态平衡从而改善痤疮症状.     

Rendiconti Delle Sedute E Brevi Comunicazioni

Abstract

The development of effective strategies to rehabilitate compromised environments is one of the major challenges facing the postindustrial society, since most of the habitats are becoming progressively polluted due to indiscriminate discharge of contaminants generated by anthropogenic activities. Several aquatic photosynthetic organisms can be used to treat wastewaters in primary and tertiary treatments, including cyanobacteria, algae and higher plants. In this review, we summarize the results obtained in the remediation of polluted waters by photosynthetic organisms and discuss the future perspective of phytoremediation.     

不同取油方式对水飞蓟种仁油脂质量和蛋白结构的影响

为高效利用水飞蓟种仁油脂和蛋白组分,比较了不同取油方式对水飞蓟种仁油脂提取率和油品质量,以及种仁蛋白热力学性质的影响。结果表明,索氏萃取和超临界CO2萃取方法的提油率显著高于水代法(P<0.05),也高于压榨法,但未达到显著性水平(P>0.05);在油品质量方面,压榨法油品酸价最高,且蛋白热变性扫描曲线与原料相比存在第一个吸收峰丢失和第二个吸收峰左移的特征,表明提取过程对种仁蛋白结构破坏最强,水代法提油过程温和不仅对油品中VE保存较好,而且对蛋白空间结构影响较小,有利于油脂和蛋白组分的高效综合利用。     

Additive and synergistic effects of Bacillus spp. isolates and essential oils on the control of phytopathogenic and saprophytic fungi from medicinal plants and marigold seeds

Contamination of plants and seeds with microorganisms is one of the main problems in the production and distribution of various agricultural products, as well as raw herbal material for the preparation of herbal remedies. In targeting microbial contamination, among other bacteria, Bacillus species showed a significant capacity for biocontrol. The antifungal activity of 14 isolates of Bacillus spp. against 15 fungal isolates from medicinal plants was examined utilizing a dual plate assay. The strongest and broadest antagonistic activity against all fungi tested was exhibited by isolates SS-12.6 and SS-13.1 (from a 43% to 74% reduction in fungal growth), while isolates SS-39.1 and SS-39.3 were effective against the fewest fungus species and also had the weakest antifungal activity. The effect of a crude lipopeptide extract (CLE) of Bacillus sp. SS-12.6 was similar to that achieved by a dual culture with isolate SS-12.6, confirming that the antagonism was the result of the antifungal activities of lipopeptides. In addition, essential oils of thyme (0.55 mg/mL) and savory (0.32 mg/mL) in various combinations with the CLE of SS-12.6 were tested for antifungal activity, and additive and synergistic effects for some of the fungi were obtained. When testing the effect of CLE, oils (0.40 mg/mL for thyme oil and 0.21 mg/mL for savory oil) and combinations in situ on marigold seeds, a reduction of total fungal infection without an adverse effect on germination was accomplished by 6-h treatments with CLE of SS-12.6 (85% reduction of fungal infection and 63% germination), supernatant from liquid culture of SS-12.6 (more than 90% reduction of fungal infection with 69% seed germination) and combinations of CLE and savory oil (77% reduction of fungal infection and 62% seed germination) and CLE with thyme and savory oils (about 75% reduction of fungal infection with 69% seed germination).     

3种植物精油对霉菌的抑制作用

肉桂 ( Cinnamomum cassia Presl)别名连桂 ,属樟科樟属 ,常绿乔木 ,高 1 0～ 1 5m,多为栽培 ,主产于广西、广东等地 ,云南、福建等省亦有分布。人们可从其叶、枝或树皮、籽中提取精油 ,精油主要用于医药及食品香精[1 ] 。山苍子 [Litsea cubeba ( Lour.) Pers]别名山鸡椒、木姜子 ,属樟科木姜子属 ,落叶灌木和乔木 ,高 8～ 1 0 m,果期 7～ 8月份 ,我国长江以南各省都有分布。民间广泛使用水蒸汽蒸馏法 ,从其果实中提制精油 ,精油主要用于调配食品、化妆品香精 ,合成其它原料及维生素 [2 ]。丁子香 [Stzygium aromaticum( Linn.)Merr.et…     

Structural basis of the rind disorder oleocellosis in Washington navel orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)

Oleocellosis, a physiological rind disorder of citrus fruit, is an unattractive surface blemish caused by phytotoxic effects of released rind oils. The development of oleocellosis in Washington navel orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) was examined by following a time sequence of surface symptoms and microscopic rind changes. The two natural causes of oleocellosis were simulated: mechanical damage to the fruit and transfer of rind oil between fruit. Mechanical fruit injury resulted in rupture of the epidermis above oil glands. Released surface oil appeared to infiltrate the rind via the ruptured epidermis resulting in rapid degeneration of cortical, but not epidermal, cell contents. Oil application to the rind surface produced a more severe blemish than did mechanical damage. The oil appeared to diffuse through the cuticle causing degeneration of the contents of all cell layers, including the epidermis. Loss of membrane integrity was detected within 30 min, followed by cell content degeneration and cell collapse. The resulting blemish, characterized by rind collapse and darkening, developed substantially within 3 d and was attributed to the cellular damage.     

印度藏茴香植物精油对温室棉蚜的熏蒸毒性及其成分分析（英文）

【目的】棉蚜Aphis gossypii是世界各地室内和室外果树、蔬菜和观赏植物上最具危害性的害虫之一。这一害虫取食植物汁液,产生蜜露,传播植物病毒,对植物从质和量上产生破坏。为了控制温室中的这一害虫,植物精油可用作化学农药的替代药物。本实验研究了印度藏茴香Carum copticum植物精油对棉蚜成虫的熏蒸毒性。【方法】将研磨的印度藏茴香干种子用改良的挥发油提取器(Clevenger-type apparatus)进行水蒸馏。所有生物测定均在27±2℃,相对湿度65%±5%和光周期16L∶8D条件下进行。研究采用完全随机设计,6个处理(5个不同浓度的精油加对照)。每一浓度3次重复,每一重复20头成虫。【结果】结果表明,棉蚜成蚜接触印度藏茴香精油24 h后出现明显的死亡。该精油对棉蚜成蚜的致死中浓度(LC50)为1.21μL/L空气。棉蚜成蚜的死亡百分率对精油的施用表现出较高的敏感性。精油浓度为1.21μL/L空气时,估计的棉蚜的致死中时(LT50)为11.79 h。这一精油的熏蒸毒性与浓度和接触时间之间具有一定的相关性。GC/MS组分分析结果表明,该精油由18种化合物组成,最重要的是一些化合物引起了熏蒸毒性,如麝香草酚(占50.07%)、γ-萜品烯(占23.99%)和对异丙基苯甲烷(占22.90%)。【结论】本研究结果表明印度藏茴香植物精油对棉蚜具有较好的杀虫效果。印度藏茴香精油对棉蚜产生较大的影响,由于它具有较高的熏蒸毒性潜力,因此可在温室中用于这一害虫的综合治理。