花卉植物对Cd、As、Pb污染农田的修复及其精油应用

为提高植物修复的经济价值,该文选取孔雀草、波斯菊和矢车菊三种附加值较高的花卉植物,考察其对广西某矿区Cd、As、Pb复合污染农田的修复潜力,测定分析三种花卉植物对重金属的富集和转运能力,并从修复后植物的地上部提取精油,研究植物精油对病原菌埃希氏大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphyloccocus aureus)、伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)的生长抑制效果,进一步探索植物精油作为洗手液添加剂的应用能力。结果表明:(1)试验区域内土壤污染严重,Cd、As全量超过风险管制值,Pb全量超过风险筛选值,属于Cd、As、Pb重度污染。(2)选取的三种花卉植物均可在试验区域较好地生长,其中孔雀草和波斯菊对Cd、Pb的富集与转运能力较强,对As的富集能力最弱但转运能力较强。与孔雀草和波斯菊相比,矢车菊除对Cd的转运能力较强外,对其他重金属的富集和转运能力均较弱。三种植物重金属富集能力大小排序为孔雀草>波斯菊>矢车菊,不同花卉对重金属富集偏好顺序依次为Cd>Pb>As。(3)从修复后的植物地上部提取精油进行研究分析发现,孔雀草精油对三种病原菌都具有良好的生长抑制效果(<10 CFU·mL^-1),且孔雀草体内富集的重金属并未影响精油中的重金属含量。另外,添加了孔雀草精油的洗手液,对金黄色葡萄球菌的生长抑制效果可延长至480 min。因此,孔雀草不仅可作为重金属复合污染农田的修复植物,而且修复后还可从植物体内提取精油作为抑菌剂。该研究结果为修复后重金属富集生物质的新型资源化利用提供了理论基础。     

汉族人群NOS3 A-922G、NOS3 T-786C 与NOS3 G894T SNP的等位基因及其组合分布与高血压的相关性

为了分析汉族人群一氧化氮合酶基因NOS3 A-922G、NOS3 T-786C 与NOS3 G894T单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP）的等位基因及其组合分布与高血压病的相关性,选取无亲缘关系的高血压病人192例(男97例,女95例)以及无亲缘关系的健康个体122例（男76例,女46例）为对照组,提取静脉血白细胞基因组DNA,采用等位基因特异性引物PCR技术检测NOS3 A-922G、NOS3 T-786C 与NOS3 G894T 3个位点的基因型。其结果显示：高血压病组与对照组NOS3 G894T、NOS3A-922G及NOS3 T-786C各等位基因型及其基因单倍型频率比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。男、女性别分层研究：无论男亚组还是女亚组均未发现NOS3 A-922G、NOS3 T-786C 与NOS3 G894T各个位点SNP与高血压病有相关性。等位基因组合分布研究发现NOS3 G894G +A-922G+T-786T组合基因型总体频率分布在高血压病组与正常对照组之间有显著性差异(P<0.05,χ2= 4.5944)。男、女性别分层研究：男亚组上述3个位点SNP的各个组合基因型分布频率在高血压病组与正常对照组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05);女亚组中携带NOS3 G894G+A-922G+T-786C 的组合基因型分布频率在高血压病组与正常对照组之间有显著性差异(P<0.01,χ2=8.502)。研究发现,在中国汉族人群中NOS3A–922 G、NOS3 T-786C 与NOS3 G894T SNP与高血压病无明确的相关性,且无性别差异。组合分布研究发现,NOS3 G894G+A-922G+T-786C 的组合基因型分布频率在高血压病女性亚组较健康女性亚组明显减低,提示携带该组合基因型女性人群可能不易患高血压病。     

肉桂油的提取及其抑菌活性研究

本文用水蒸汽蒸馏法蒸馏经微波预处理的肉桂粉得到肉桂油,并采用滤纸片法、固相扩散法、气相扩散法研究了肉桂油对6种细菌、1种酵母、4种霉菌的抑菌活性及其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明:肉桂油经固相和气相扩散对细菌、酵母、霉菌的抑制活性均较强,并且对真菌的抑菌活性更强一些,其次是G ,对所有供试菌种的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)<63mL/L,且真菌的MIC<细菌的MIC。     

离体诱变定向培育高油花生新品种宇花9号

笔者前期研究发现经干旱胁迫处理后的花生叶片水势与其籽仁含油率呈显著正相关。文中对羟脯氨酸作为水势(渗透压)调节物质用于离体定向筛选花生高油突变体及培育花生新品种进行了研究。以花生品种花育20号胚小叶作为外植体,平阳霉素作为诱变剂添加于体胚诱导培养基上进行离体诱变培养。形成的体胚转移到添加6 mmol/L羟脯氨酸(培养基水势为-2.079 MPa)的体胚萌发和再生培养基上诱导体胚萌发成苗,同时进行高油突变体定向筛选。再生小苗经嫁接移栽田间,从再生植株后代中获得了132份含油率55%以上的高油突变体,其中27份含油率超过58%,2份超过60%。再生植株后代结合系谱育种法育成了高产高油花生新品种宇花9号,在辽宁省花生新品种备案试验中,籽仁产量比对照品种增产14.0%,并通过了国家非主要农作物品种登记。宇花9号含油率达61.05%,比亲本花育20号高11.55个百分点,是目前国际上含油率最高的花生品种。本研究结果表明,利用离体诱变、培养基低水势定向筛选及其再生植株后代结合常规育种法选择是定向培育高油花生品种的有效方法。     

MORTALITY OF SEA OTTERS IN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND FOLLOWING THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL

Abstract: This paper presents an estimate of the total number of sea otters that died as a direct consequence of the oil spill that occurred when the T/V Exxon Valdez grounded in Prince William Sound, Alaska on 24 March 1989. We compared sea otter counts conducted from small boats throughout the Sound during the summers of 1984 and 1985 to counts made after the spill during the summer of 1989. We used ratio estimators, corrected for sighting probability, to calculate otter densities and population estimates for portions of the Sound affected by the oil spill. We estimated the otter population in the portion of Prince William Sound affected by the oil was 6,546 at the time of the spill and that the post-spill population in the summer of 1989 was 3,898, yielding a loss estimate of approximately 2,650. Bootstrapping techniques were used to approximate confidence limits on the loss estimate of about 500–5,000 otters. The wide confidence limits are a result of the complex scheme required to estimate losses and limitations of the data. Despite the uncertainty of the loss estimate it is clear that a significant fraction of the otters in the spill zone survived. We observed otters persisting in relatively clean embayments throughout the oil spill zone suggesting that the highly convoluted coastline of Prince William Sound produced refuges that allowed some sea otters in the oil spill area to survive.     

A REASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL ON HARBOR SEALS (PHOCA VITULINA RICHARDSI) IN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, ALASKA

Analyses of population trends and movements of harbor seals in Prince William Sound (PWS) casts doubt on published findings that 302 seals were killed by the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. Assumptions that seals have 100% fidelity to a haul-out, that they were not displaced by the spill and associated disturbances, and that population trends throughout PWS varied similarly, except for oil spill effects, are not supported. Survey efforts to account for missing seals in 1989 were incomplete, too late in the year, and geographically limited. Basic assumptions required for statistical comparisons of oiled and unoiled haul-outs were violated. Fourteen dead seals, mostly pups, were recovered in PWS. Cause of death in most instances could not be determined, nor could the proportion that would have died naturally. Evidence does not support high unsubstantiated mortality, but is more consistent with seals avoiding or moving away from some oiled haul-outs. Interpretation of survey results requires consideration of temporal and regional variation. "Route A" surveys of central and eastern PWS do not represent population trends in western PWS or at glacial haul-outs. To adequately monitor population trends of PWS as a whole, broader sampling must be conducted on a routine basis.     

Effects of heat stress on some reproductive parameters of male cavie (Cavia porcellus) and mitigation strategies using guava (Psidium guajava) leaves essential oil

Climate changes, particularly the increase of temperature are among the main causes behind the decline of fertility in humans as well as animals. In this study, the effects of heat stress on some reproductive parameters of male cavies and mitigation strategies using guava leaves essential oil (GLEO) were studied. For this purpose, 40 male cavies aged 2.5–3 months and weighing between 348 and 446 g were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals each and subjected to the following temperatures: Ambient temperature (20–25 °C) for the control group, 35 °C for group 1, 45 °C for group 2 and 45 °C+100 µl GLEO/kg body weight, administered by gavage to animals for group 3. Exposure time of heat was 7 h per day for 60 days. Results reveal that the relative weights of testes, epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles were hardly affected by the temperature levels considered (P>0.05). The mass and individual sperm motility was significantly lower (P<0.05) in cavies exposed to the temperature of 35 and 45 °C as compared with those which received GLEO and controls. The percentages of abnormal sperm and altered sperm DNA were higher in animals exposed to temperature of 35 and 45 °C as compared with the controls. The activity of superoxide dismutase significantly increased (P<0.05) in animals exposed to temperature of 45 °C and in those of 45 °C and orally treated with GLEO, compared with cavies exposed to temperature of 45 °C without receiving GLEO. The level of malondialdehyde was significantly increased (P<0.05) in animals exposed to temperature of 35 and 45 °C, whereas the level of nitric oxide was significantly lower (P<0.05) in exposed animals as compared with controls. It was concluded that the exposure of male cavies at 35 and 45 °C for 60 days induce heat stress that causes deterioration of sperm characteristics. These effects that can be mitigated by the administration of guava leaves essential oil.     

红细胞抗高血压因子降压作用的进一步研究

我们曾报道原发性高血压患者(EHS)红细胞抗高血压因子(AHF)具有缓慢而持久的降压作用。本工作表明,AHF对卒中易感型自发性高血压大鼠(SHRsp)还具有快速短暂的降压作用,注射AHF后10—30s,SHRsp收缩压从原水平的26.8±1.7kPa降至20.1±1.5kPa(P<0.001)。正常人和大鼠红细胞AHF的降压作用明显强于EHS和高血压大鼠AHF。此外我们还发现EHS血浆中存在升压物质。以上结果提示,AHF缺乏和升压物质含量相对较高可能是原发性高血压发病的一个重要原因。     

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) protoplasts: isolation, culture and microcallus formation

Procedures are deseribed for the efficient isolation of protoplasts from a variety of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) tissues. Various factors including donor source, composition of enzyme mixture and culture medium affected the yield and viability of the protoplasts Polyembryogenic cultures of oil palm were the most suitable starting material in terms of yield, viability and metabolic competence. Pectolyase Y-23 in association with cellulase and hemicellulase was required for the efficient release of protoplasts from the oil palm tissues. Limited cell division to form microcallus was observed at very low frequency (<0.01%) when glutathione and catalase were incorporated in the culture medium.Abbreviations 2,4-d dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - DTT dithiothreitol - MES 2[N-morpholino] ethanesulphonic acid - NAA 1-naphthalene acetic acid - PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone     

滇产薄荷的化学研究

研究了滇产３８个薄荷样品,测定了样品的得油率及化学成分。滇产薄荷的得油率在０．１８％￣０．５２％之间。从挥发油中鉴定出了１００多种化学成分,主要含醇、酮、酯、萜烯类化合物。栽培的家薄荷挥发油富含香芹酮、柠檬烯,其化学分类属于香芹酮系列。野生薄荷挥发油富含薄荷醇和薄荷酮,属于薄荷酮系列;部分野薄荷样品,富含香芹酮、环氧辣薄荷烯酮或芳樟醇,属于混合系列。