Effects of pod infection by Mycosphaerella pinodes on yield components of pea (Pisum sativum)

Yield reduction of pea (Pisum sativum) due to various types of infections by Mycosphaerella pinodes on pods was assessed. A range of disease severities was created on pods of pea plants grown in the glasshouse, by painting the pods with different concentrations of spore suspensions, at three different pod development stages: lag phase, the beginning of seed filling (BSF) and mid-filling of the seeds. Seed number at harvest was reduced only if the pods were infected before BSF, as shown previously for whole plant infections. Pod infections led to individual seed weight (ISW) losses from zero (for late infections, at mid-filling) to 20% (for earlier infections and severe disease). Infection during the lag phase affected ISW by reducing seed growth rate, whereas infection at BSF tended to reduce the duration of seed filling. There was a linear relationship between the area under the disease progress curve and the percentage decrease in ISW. This model should be complemented by the effect of leaves and stem infections, in order to predict ISW losses in diseased crop conditions, in which epidemics occur on all aerial parts of the pea plant.     

黄芪汤治疗慢性肝病研究进展

黄芪汤,又名黄芪六一汤,始载于《太平惠氏和剂局方》,由黄芪和甘草组成。治诸虚不足,肢体劳倦,心中烦悸,唇口干渴,食少面黄。该方重用黄芪为君,辅以甘草和大枣,具有补气益虚损之功,历来或被单独应用,或取其药对组合应用于复方之中。课题组前期工作发现,黄芪汤“益气生精、补益虚损”,可显著改善乙肝后肝硬化的肝细胞坏死,提高肝细胞功能,促进早期肝硬化组织学的逆转。本文对黄芪汤治疗慢性肝病的研究情况做一综述。     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗的研究进展

乳腺癌是一种女性最常见的恶性肿瘤,近年来我国乳腺癌的发病率呈逐年上升趋势。研究证实,新辅助化疗不仅可使不能手术的晚期乳腺癌患者获得手术机会,而且也增加了部分患者的保乳概率,但是约20%的乳腺癌患者不能从新辅助化疗中获益,并影响后续治疗效果。因此,制定合理的、个体化的新辅助化疗方案对于提高乳腺癌患者的生存质量和改善其预后尤为重要。目前,研究已发现的NCT相关的预测因子主要包块肿瘤类型、分子分型、ER、PR、Ki67等,而HER2、TOP2A、P53、PRAP单独作为预测因子的还存在争议。本文主要对乳腺癌新辅助化疗的现状、各种预测因子的作用及其不足之处进行了综述。     

蛋白质胶内酶切技术研究进展

胶内酶切是蛋白质组研究中衔接电泳分离和质谱鉴定的重要环节,对最终的蛋白质定性和定量分析结果有显著的影响。该技术自1992年初步建立以来,一直处于不断完善中,出现了种类繁多的改进方案。为了更有效地利用胶内酶切技术,从凝胶脱色、杂质去除、蛋白酶切、肽段提取4个方面归纳整理了近年来蛋白质胶内酶切技术的主要研究进展。     

Proteomics in China: Ready for prime time

Proteomics is a newborn science focusing on the comprehensive systematic analysis of all proteins in molecule machineries,organelles,cells,tissues,organs or intact organisms.It has been becoming one of the focuses in life sciences and cutting-edge techniques in biotechnologies in the 21st century.During the last decade,proteomics in China has developed much faster than other developing fields in the life sciences.This review article briefly retrospects the origin and development of proteomics in China,and p...     

Stochastic epidemic models: A survey

This paper is a survey paper on stochastic epidemic models. A simple stochastic epidemic model is defined and exact and asymptotic (relying on a large community) properties are presented. The purpose of modelling is illustrated by studying effects of vaccination and also in terms of inference procedures for important parameters, such as the basic reproduction number and the critical vaccination coverage. Several generalizations towards realism, e.g. multitype and household epidemic models, are also presented, as is a model for endemic diseases.     

Endemic persistence or disease extinction: The effect of separation into sub-communities

Consider an infectious disease which is endemic in a population divided into several large sub-communities that interact. Our aim is to understand how the time to extinction is affected by the level of interaction between communities. We present two approximations of the expected time to extinction in a population consisting of a small number of large sub-communities. These approximations are described for an SIR epidemic model, with focus on diseases with short infectious period in relation to life length, such as childhood diseases. Both approximations are based on Markov jump processes. Simulations indicate that the time to extinction is increasing in the degree of interaction between communities. This behaviour can also be seen in our approximations in relevant regions of the parameter space.     

An SEIS epidemic model with transport-related infection

In this paper, an SEIS epidemic model is proposed to study the effect of transport-related infection on the spread and control of infectious disease. New result implies that traveling of the exposed (means exposed but not yet infectious) individuals can bring disease from one region to other regions even if the infectious individuals are inhibited from traveling among regions. It is shown that transportation among regions will change the disease dynamics and break infection out even if infectious diseases will go to extinction in each isolated region without transport-related infection. In addition, our analysis shows that transport-related infection intensifies the disease spread if infectious diseases break out to cause an endemic situation in each region, in the sense of that both the absolute and relative size of patients increase. This suggests that it is very essential to strengthen restrictions of passengers once we know infectious diseases appeared.     

Bayesian inference for stochastic epidemic models with time-inhomogeneous removal rates

Stochastic compartmental models of the SEIR type are often used to make inferences on epidemic processes from partially observed data in which only removal times are available. For many epidemics, the assumption of constant removal rates is not plausible. We develop methods for models in which these rates are a time-dependent step function. A reversible jump MCMC algorithm is described that permits Bayesian inferences to be made on model parameters, particularly those associated with the step function. The method is applied to two datasets on outbreaks of smallpox and a respiratory disease. The analyses highlight the importance of allowing for time dependence by contrasting the predictive distributions for the removal times and comparing them with the observed data.      

蜉蝣目化石的研究进展

回顾了世界蜉蝣目化石研究简史,列出已发表的化石种类名录、分布及年代,共40科、124属、218种,其中包括中国的8属13种;描述了不同地质时期主要蜉蝣化石的分类单元和分布地区.简要介绍了蜉蝣分类系统及系统发育、稚虫食性、与其它昆虫的关系和古生态等方面的研究成果.在本文的第2部分,初步分析了目前该类群所存在的一些问题,并对今后的研究工作进行了展望.