三种海水生态养殖池塘细菌数量特征及其与环境因子的相关性

为阐明不同生态养殖池塘浮游细菌数量变化规律及其与环境因子间的相关性,以期为多元立体综合养殖模式中的水质安全与生物疾病防控提供科学依据。利用荧光显微镜细菌计数法(Acridine Orange Direct Counting),研究了“参-虾”“蟹-蛏”和“蜇-蛏”三种海水生态养殖池塘的细菌数量特征,使用典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis, CCA)探讨细菌数量与环境因子的相互关系。结果表明,“参-虾”“蟹-蛏”和“蜇-蛏”池塘的细菌平均密度分别为(0.49～3.32)×10⁵ cell/mL、(0.52～2.98)×10⁵ cell/mL和(0.47～2.55)×10⁵ cell/mL,细菌数量有明显的时间差异,夏季密度大于春秋季。三种海水生态养殖池塘的水温、溶解氧和pH变化均不明显,且相差不大,而硝态氮均发生显著变化;其中“蟹-蛏”和“蜇-蛏”池塘的硝态氮、亚硝态氮、活性磷、总氮和总磷均高于“参-虾”池塘,透明度、叶绿素a和化学耗氧量则均低于“参-虾”池塘。典范对应分析(C...     

Using next-generation sequencing for molecular reconstruction of past Arctic vegetation and climate

Palaeoenvironments and former climates are typically inferred from pollen and macrofossil records. This approach is time-consuming and suffers from low taxonomic resolution and biased taxon sampling. Here, we test an alternative DNA-based approach utilizing the P6 loop in the chloroplast trnL (UAA) intron; a short (13–158 bp) and variable region with highly conserved flanking sequences. For taxonomic reference, a whole trnL intron sequence database was constructed from recently collected material of 842 species, representing all widespread and/or ecologically important taxa of the species-poor arctic flora. The P6 loop alone allowed identification of all families, most genera (>75%) and one-third of the species, thus providing much higher taxonomic resolution than pollen records. The suitability of the P6 loop for analysis of samples containing degraded ancient DNA from a mixture of species is demonstrated by high-throughput parallel pyrosequencing of permafrost-preserved DNA and reconstruction of two plant communities from the last glacial period. Our approach opens new possibilities for DNA-based assessment of ancient as well as modern biodiversity of many groups of organisms using environmental samples.     

玉米及马齿苋叶片SOD活性诱导研究

以玉米幼苗及马齿苋作材料,通过甘露醇、H2O2、臭氧和强光等胁迫后,用NBT光化还原抑制法测定叶中SOD活性的变化。臭氧和强光能诱导玉米叶片SOD活性增加。0.5mol／L甘露醇处理玉米叶片12h,SOD活性上升,至48h后下降;在该甘露醇溶液中另外加入10^-2mol/L H2O2;处理12h后SOD活性基本不变。对玉米叶片单独用10^-2mol/L H2O2诱导,30min内SOD活性上升到最高值,随着处理时间的延长又逐渐下降。用耐强光、耐干旱的野生马齿苋作为材料,与玉米相比,其叶片SOD基础活性低于后者;若予以正午强光结合渗透胁迫2h,其叶中SOD活性增幅超过玉米,从种间比较的角度旁证了SOD在抗逆性中的作用。推测植物中存在比活性氧更为直接的物理诱导机制。     

Industrial enzymes--developments in production and application

The utilization of gene technology and of new production technologies have made industrial enzymes with improved properties or better cost performance available. This has in turn opened important new areas of enzyme applications. The benefits to the customers are considerable: cost savings in the application process, improved product quality, and in most cases also a significantly reduced impact on the environment.

Gene technology offers several benefits to the enzyme industry. This technology enables the use of safe, well-documented host organisms easy to cultivate, the microbial production of enzymes of animal and plant origin, the realization of enhanced efficiency and high product purity, and also the production of enzymes with improved stability and activity.

Developments in production technology include advanced control methods, the use of expert systems, and the application of large-scale crystallization.

As case stories the development of a lipase and of a cellulase is described. The effect on environment of enzyme application and production is discussed.     

孔雀河下游断流河道的环境特征及物种间关系

基于孔雀河下游断流河道的环境因子和植被样地数据,采用聚类与CCA排序法,分析了生境的退化特征以及物种间的相互关系,结果表明:1)断流河道退化生境分为绿洲-荒漠过渡类型、轻度荒漠化类型和盐土荒漠化类型。绿洲-荒漠过渡类型地下水位低、盐分含量相对较低,植被盖度相对较高,土壤维持着原砂质壤土,为潜在退化型;轻度荒漠化类型地下水位、土壤质地与含盐量与前者基本相同,土壤未明显退化,但植被盖度低于10%,植物种类与个体数目都较低,属于轻度退化型;盐土荒漠化类型地下水位高、盐分含量高,土壤机械组成中砂粒比重较大、无建群种幸存,属于重度退化型。2)绿洲-荒漠过渡类型总体联结性为显著正联结,正负联结比小于1,生态系统表现为建群种维系物种关系的不稳定状态;轻度荒漠化类型总体联结性为不显著负联结,正负联结比小于1,表现出生态系统进入退化演替的阶段;盐土荒漠化类型总体联结性为显著正联结,正负联结比大于1,表现出重度退化群落的种间平衡状态,物种间以达到稳定共存,其中,真盐生植物对这种平衡的维持起着重要的作用。3)CCA排序表明,绿洲-荒漠过渡类型形成以胡杨为中心的种间正联结,幸存于盐分适中、水分养分相对较高的生境;轻度荒漠化类型,形成以多枝柽柳与刚毛柽柳相互依存的不显著负联结,幸存于土壤养分、水分相对较低的生境;盐土荒漠化类型形成以盐爪爪、盐节木、盐穗木等真盐生植物维系的显著正联结,幸存于土壤贫瘠、地下水位浅、盐分含量高、沙化严重的生境。     

生命周期管理研究述评

生命周期管理起源于生命周期思想,它是生命周期思想在实践中的具体应用,是面向可持续生产和消费,对产品、工艺和服务的全生命周期环境影响进行的综合管理,是解决复合生态系统中结构无序、效率不高和代谢冗余的有效途径,是基于生命周期评价原则与框架的一种环境管理手段或环境管理体系。全面回顾了生命周期管理的起源与内涵,阐述了生命周期管理与生命周期评价的区别与联系,梳理了生命周期管理与环境管理体系的关系。对生命周期管理在产品、企业、行业及城市等层次上的具体应用进行了总结与述评,并对其今后需深入研究的方向进行了展望。     

气候环境因子和捕捞压力对南海北部带鱼渔获量变动的影响

带鱼(Trichiurus japonicas)是南海北部的重要经济鱼类,其渔获量的变化不仅与捕捞压力有关,还与气候环境变化有关.为了研究气候变化和捕捞对南海北部带鱼渔获量变动的影响,使用长时间序列渔业统计资料和气候变化数据对1956-2006年的南海北部带鱼渔获量变动进行了分析.南海北部的带鱼渔获量变化可划分成因捕捞效应所产生的趋势变化和因气候环境变化所导致的渔获量变动.捕捞效应所产生的趋势变化可用Fox模型拟合,Fox模型拟合结果显示南海北部带鱼渔获量与捕捞努力量关系显著(P＜0.01),说明捕捞压力的增长显著影响到南海北部带鱼渔获量的变化.移除捕捞效应所产生的趋势变化后,渔获量变动与中国南方降雨、南海北部海表水温、南海北部夏季季风以及南海北部冬季季风等气候因子呈显著正偏相关(P＜0.04),与热带气旋影响指数呈显著负偏相关(P＜0.03),这种相关说明南海北部带鱼渔获量变动还受气候环境因子的影响.南海北部带鱼渔获量可用捕捞努力量和气候变量来拟合,且拟合效果显著(R2=0.958,P＜0.01),表明南海北部带鱼渔获量的变动归因于捕捞压力的单调增长和气候环境的变化.在南海北部的捕捞压力维持在现有水平下,未来的气候变化和人类活动引起营养盐的增加都可能有利于南海北部带鱼渔业产量的增加,且由于未来极端天气事件的频繁发生,可能还会引起带鱼渔获量的变动幅度加剧.     

Environmental Drivers and Spatial Prediction of the Critically Endangered Species <i>Thuja sutchuenensis</i> in Sichuan-Chongqing,China

Identifying the ecological environment suitable for the growth of Thuja sutchuenensis and predicting other potential distribution areas are essential to protect this endangered species. After selecting 24 environmental factors that could affect the distribution of T. sutchuenensis, including climate, topography, soil and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), we adopted the Random Forest-MaxEnt integrated model to analyze our data. Based on the Random Forest study, the contribution of the mean temperature of the warmest quarter, mean temperature of the coldest quarter, annual mean temperature and mean temperature of the driest quarter was large. Based on MaxEnt model prediction outputs, the potential distribution map not only identified areas that originally recorded T. sutchuenensis, such as Xuanhan County, Kai County and Chengkou County, but also identified highly suitable distribution areas where T. sutchuenensis may exist, including Wanyuan County, Sichuan Province, and the junction of Chongqing and Hubei Province. This provides a more explicit geographic range for ex situ conservation and reintroduction of T. sutchuenensis. Our results also indicate that, in addition to climate factors, topography and soil factors are also important environmental factors that affect distribution. This provides a theoretical basis for subsequent laboratory construction to simulate the indoor growth of T. sutchuenensis.     

孢子丝菌病43例临床分析

目的 探讨孢子丝菌病的发病原因及特点。方法 就1991～2002年间在本院就诊的深部真菌病病例,利用沙氏真菌学检查方法筛查确诊为孢子丝菌病43例并进行临床观察。结果 1991—1993年患者5例（11．63％）,1994～1996年水灾后2年内患者34例（79．07％）,1997～2002年5年内患者4例（9．30％）。有明显外伤史及疑似蚊、蜂叮螫者占总发病人数72．09％。伴高血压者占20．93％。碘化钾治愈率100％。结论 各种原因造成的环境污染或某些自然灾害致使腐生菌大量生长繁殖是引起本病区域性流行的根本原因。外伤及昆虫叮、螫为重要致病条件。碘化钾为首选治疗药物。     

屠宰加工车间血液无害化处理与利用

本文综述了血液的生化组成及应用、屠宰厂血液处理现状及血液无害化处理的重要性、血液资源开发的价值和意义。分析表明我国屠宰厂的血液产量丰富,大量的血液未被有效利用而直接排放,既浪费了宝贵的资源,又造成严重的环境污染,进行屠宰厂血液资源的无害化处理和有效利用为当务之急。同时,本文结合国内外研究现状,提出了解决问题的方案、展望了应用前景。