A heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) purified from chicken enterotoxigenic Excherichia coli is identical to porcine LT

We have previously reported that the heat-labile enterotoxin (LTc) isolated from a chicken enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) was identical to LTh produced by human ETEC (Tsuji et al. (1988) FEMS Microbiol Lett. 52, 79-84). In this study, we purified an LTc-like toxin (LTc') from another strain isolated from a chicken that developed diarrhea at a different place and time to the previously reported chicken. Its molecular weight and antigenicity were compared with those of purified LTs from porcine and human ETEC (LTp and LTh). The A subunit of LTc' was identical to those of the purified LTs in mobility on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The Ouchterlony test demonstrated that LTc' was antigenically identical to LTp. The isoelectric point and amino acid composition of LTc' were also identical to those of LTp. These data suggest that chicken ETEC can be grouped with both the porcine and human types on the basis of the LTs produced.     

Production of heat-stable enterotoxin II by chicken clinical isolates of Escherichia coli

Abstract Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhea stools of chickens were examined for production of heat-stable enterotoxin II which is considered to be implicated only in diarrhea of pigs. Seven out of 38 strains examined were found to contain heat-stable enterotoxin II gene, determined by colony hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction. The culture supernatants of these strains caused fluid accumulation in the mouse intestinal loop test. This fluid accumulation activity was not lost by heating at 100°C and was neutralized by anti-heat-stable enterotoxin II antiserum. Purified heat-stable enterotoxin II caused fluid accumulation in the chicken intestinal loop assay. These results indicate that STII-producing E. coli is implicated in chicken diarrhea.     

Role of the fixGHI region of Azorhizobium caulinodans in free-living and symbiotic nitrogen fixation

Abstract Rat intestinal epithelial cells were isolated and the activity of the calcium- and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) was investigated. The stimulation of activity by Escherichia coli heat stable enterotoxin (STa) was about 5-fold compared to control activity (16.91 ± 1.69 vs 93.56 ± 10.40 nmol/mg protein/min) and was dose dependent. Maximum enzyme activity was observed after incubation for 1 min with 6 ng of purified STa. The synergistic effects of calcium, phosphatidylserine and diolein on the enzyme activity were noted both in control and STa-treated cells. Staurosporine, a potent PKC inhibitor, significantly reduced the enzyme activity. Autoradiographic analysis of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that pretreatment of the cells with STa also resulted in the phosphorylation of specific membrane proteins each with a molecular mass of 37 kDa, 100 kDa and 140 kDa. However, STa had no direct role on the enzyme activity. Our results, therefore, provide evidence for the involvement of PKC in STa-induced signal transduction in rat enterocytes.     

Comparison of coligenoid formation by B subunits of porcine and human Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxins

A hybrid B subunit (coligenoid) of heat-labile enterotoxin could not be made from human heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit(LTh-B) and porcine LTp-B subunit(LTp-B). LTp-B monomer was able to form coligenoid by reassociation with homologous LTp-B monomer, but not with heterogeneous LTh-B monomer and vice versa. The dissociation of both coligenoids into monomers by SDS treatment occurred in a time-dependent manner, but the dissociation of LTh-B colligenoid was faster than that of LTp-B coligenoid. The association of LTp-B monomer is tighter than that of LTh-B monomer. The pI values of LTp-B coligenoid, LTp-B monomer and denatured LTp-B monomer were similar at 9.6-9.8, while the pI values of LTh-B coligenoid, LTh-B monomer and denatured LTh-B monomer were determined as 5.6-5.8, 9.2-9.6 and 9.2-9.6, respectively. All the ionic amino acids of LTp-B exist on the coligenoid surface. The difference in pI values between LTh-B coligenoid and LTh-B monomer suggests that some basic amino acids are located within the LTh-B coligenoid complex, but are exposed in the LTh-B monomer. These data suggest that the 4 amino acid substitutions between LTh-B and LTp-B result in a three dimensional structure difference and a less stable formation of LTh-B coligenoid compared to LTp-B coligenoid.     

超级抗原在肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用

超级抗原（Superantigen,SAg）作为一种优秀的免疫激活剂,通过诱导T细胞的活化来增强机体抗肿瘤免疫反应,可能是未来肿瘤免疫治疗的新希望。“超级抗原”一词在1989年被首次提出,用来描述细菌毒素对免疫系统的高效刺激特性。金黄色葡萄球菌能产生约20种不同类型的金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素（Staphylococcal enterotoxins,SEs),这类蛋白质抗原是典型的细菌超级抗原,是一种能够在极低浓度下即可有效刺激细胞毒性T淋巴细胞活性和促进细胞因子产生的诱导剂。超级抗原通过与抗原呈递细胞（APCs）上的主要组织相容性复合体II（MHC-II）的外沟和T细胞受体（Tcr）的特异性Vβ区交叉结合,直接激活T淋巴细胞,使含有TCR Vβ结构域的T细胞进行超表达,使免疫细胞释放大量的抗肿瘤细胞因子和其他效应分子。基于免疫细胞具有识别自我和非我的特点,超级抗原利用人体自身免疫系统杀死肿瘤细胞,因此在肿瘤免疫治疗领域具有巨大应用潜力。对超级抗原的生物活性特征、临床抗肿瘤效果、药物开发策略等多方面进行简要综述,并对其未来应用前景加以展望。对超级抗原的作用机理及临床应用的深入研究,将有助于肿瘤免疫治疗的发展,从而使通过T淋巴细胞干预治疗恶性肿瘤成为可能。