Met-Lys-双C肽人胰岛素原基因的构建表达及分离纯化

应用 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 定点突变方法构建编码 Ｍ ｅｔ Ｌｙｓ 双 Ｃ 肽人胰岛素原基因,并在大肠杆菌中以包含体方式获得表达 表达产物经还原、重组、 Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ ７５ 分离纯化,获得 Ｍ ｅｔ Ｌｙｓ 双 Ｃ 肽人胰岛素原,经胰蛋白酶与羧肽酶 Ｂ的酶解, Ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅ Ｔ Ｍ Ｑ 阴离子交换柱层析分离制备得人胰岛素,其放免活性、受体结合活性均与猪胰岛素相同      

TGF-beta isoform signaling regulates secondary transition and mesenchymal-induced endocrine development in the embryonic mouse pancreas

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily signaling has been implicated in many developmental processes, including pancreatic development. Previous studies are conflicting with regard to an exact role for TGF-beta signaling in various aspects of pancreatic organogenesis. Here we have investigated the role of TGF-beta isoform signaling in embryonic pancreas differentiation and lineage selection. The TGF-beta isoform receptors (RI, RII and ALK1) were localized mainly to both the pancreatic epithelium and mesenchyme at early stages of development, but then with increasing age localized to the pancreatic islets and ducts. To determine the specific role of TGF-beta isoforms, we functionally inactivated TGF-beta signaling at different points in the signaling cascade. Disruption of TGF-beta signaling at the receptor level using mice overexpressing the dominant-negative TGF-beta type II receptor showed an increase in endocrine precursors and proliferating endocrine cells, with an abnormal accumulation of endocrine cells around the developing ducts of mid-late stage embryonic pancreas. This pattern suggested that TGF-beta isoform signaling may suppress the origination of secondary transition endocrine cells from the ducts. Secondly, TGF-beta isoform ligand inhibition with neutralizing antibody in pancreatic organ culture also led to an increase in the number of endocrine-positive cells. Thirdly, hybrid mix-and-match in vitro recombinations of transgenic pancreatic mesenchyme and wild-type epithelium also led to increased endocrine cell differentiation, but with different patterns depending on the directionality of the epithelial-mesenchymal signaling. Together these results suggest that TGF-beta signaling is important for restraining the growth and differentiation of pancreatic epithelial cells, particularly away from the endocrine lineage. Inhibition of TGF-beta signaling in the embryonic period may thus allow pancreatic epithelial cells to progress towards the endocrine lineage unchecked, particularly as part of the secondary transition of pancreatic endocrine cell development. TGF-beta RII in the ducts and islets may normally serve to downregulate the production of beta cells from embryonic ducts.     

HPV16 E6对HeLa细胞中Rap1GAP蛋白水平下调的研究

目的探讨HPV16E6对细胞中Rap1GAP蛋白水平的影响,为阐明宫颈癌发生发展的分子机制提供实验依据。本研究组前期实验显示,宫颈癌石蜡切片组织中Rap1GAP蛋白水平下降,且与高危型HPV16/18感染相关。本文将进一步探讨HPV16 E6是否导致Rap1GAP蛋白下调的原因。方法通过将HPV16 E6基因插入pGEX-KG的BamHI和Hind Ⅲ酶切位点构建GST标记的HPVE6质粒,采用脂质体转染法将其转染入HeLa细胞中,Westernblot方法观察GST-tagged-HPV16 E6在HeLa细胞中的表达,并观察其对HeLa细胞中内源性Rap1GAP蛋白水平的影响。结果测序表明成功构建GST标记的HPV16E6质粒;Western blot检测表明HPV16E6在HeLa细胞中成功表达;并且发现HeLa细胞中过表达HPV16 E6后,Rap1GAP蛋白相对含量(0.602±0.205)明显低于未转染组(1.130±0.163),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论HPV16 E6下调Rap1GAP蛋白水平。     

In vivo binding and uptake of low-density lipoprotein-gold- and albumin-gold conjugates by parenchymal and sinusoidal cells of the fetal rat liver

Summary To elucidate the participation of fetal rat liver cells in the receptor-mediated internalization of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), rat fetuses were injected with either LDL-gold or albumin-gold conjugates. The degree of binding and uptake of LDL-gold and albumin-gold by parenchymal and sinusoidal cells of the fetal rat liver differs markedly. Endothelial cells exhibit low LDL-gold uptake. In contrast, parenchymal cells internalize LDL-gold more actively (45 ± 8 LDL conjugates/100 m² cytoplasm within 60 min). Kupffer cells exceed this value by a factor of 20. The uptake of albumin-gold by endothelial and Kupffer cells is high, whereas it is extremely low in parenchymal cells. Estradiol pretreatment causes a significant doubling (p<0.05) of the LDL-gold particle density/100 m² cytoplasm both in parenchymal and Kupffer cells, whereas estradiol has no effect on the albumin uptake. The results strongly indicate that LDL uptake by parenchymal and Kupffer cells in the fetal rat liver is mediated by estrogen-inducible receptors, which may correspond to B, E receptors in the adult liver.     

Cloning, expression and characterization of a UDP-galactose 4-epimerase from Escherichia coli

The gene galE encoding UDP-galactose 4-epimerase was cloned into E. coli BL21(DE3) from the chromosomal DNA of E. coli strain K-12. High expression of the soluble recombinant epimerase was achieved in the cell lysate. In order to evaluate the use of this epimerase in enzymatic synthesis of important -Gal epitopes (oligosaccharides with a terminal Gal1,3Gal sequence), a new radioactivity assay (1,3-galactosyltransferase coupled assay) was established to characterize its activity in producing UDP-galactose from UDP-glucose. Approximately 2700 units (100 mg) enzyme with a specific activity of 27 U mg^–1 protein could be obtained from one liter of bacterial culture. The epimerase was active in a wide pH range with an optimum at pH 7.0. This expression system established a viable route to the enzymatic production of -Gal oligosaccharides to support xenotransplantation research.     

Aminothiazoles inhibit osteoclastogenesis and PGE2 production in LPS‐stimulated co‐cultures of periodontal ligament and RAW 264.7 cells,and RANKL‐mediated osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in PBMCs

Inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) contributes to bone resorption in several inflammatory conditions including periodontitis. The terminal enzyme, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase‐1 (mPGES‐1) regulating PGE₂ synthesis is a promising therapeutic target to reduce inflammatory bone loss. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of mPGES‐1 inhibitors, aminothiazoles TH‐848 and TH‐644, on PGE₂ production and osteoclastogenesis in co‐cultures of periodontal ligament (PDL) and osteoclast progenitor cells RAW 264.7, stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and bone resorption in RANKL‐mediated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PDL and RAW 264.7 cells were cultured separately or co‐cultured and treated with LPS alone or in combination with aminothiazoles. Multinucleated cells stained positively for tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) were scored as osteoclast‐like cells. Levels of PGE₂, osteoprotegerin (OPG) and interleukin‐6, as well as mRNA expression of mPGES‐1, OPG and RANKL were analysed in PDL cells. PBMCs were treated with RANKL alone or in combination with aminothiazoles. TRAP‐positive multinucleated cells were analysed and bone resorption was measured by the CTX‐I assay. Aminothiazoles reduced LPS‐stimulated osteoclast‐like cell formation both in co‐cultures and in RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, aminothiazoles inhibited PGE₂ production in LPS‐stimulated cultures, but did not affect LPS‐induced mPGES‐1, OPG or RANKL mRNA expression in PDL cells. In PBMCs, inhibitors decreased both osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. In conclusion, aminothiazoles reduced the formation of osteoclast‐like cells and decreased the production of PGE₂ in co‐cultures as well as single‐cell cultures. Furthermore, these compounds inhibited RANKL‐induced bone resorption and differentiation of PBMCs, suggesting these inhibitors for future treatment of inflammatory bone loss such as periodontitis.     

Morphine addiction and withdrawal alters brain peptide concentrations

This study demonstrates that, during morphine addiction and withdrawal in rats profound alterations in the concentrations of a variety of brain peptides occur. Somatostatin, cholecystokinin, neurotensin and substance P concentrations increased during morphine addiction. Naloxone-induced withdrawal decreased brain concentrations of TRH, somatostatin, neurotensin and substance P. Naloxone alone decreased thalamic substance P and neurotensin concentrations. Vasoactive intestinal peptide concentrations were unaltered by any of the treatments. The fall in the tissue concentration of somatostatin during naloxone-induced withdrawal correlated well with the fall in the circulating growth hormone, suggesting that this could be secondary to somatostatin release. Our data support the hypothesis that brain peptides, acting locally in the brain as neuromodulators, play an important role in the genesis of the syndromes of morphine addiction and withdrawal.