切鳍标记对唐鱼游泳能力的影响

本研究通过测定完全切除背鳍、臀鳍、尾鳍或双侧胸鳍后唐鱼（Tanichthys albonubes）临界游泳速度来评价切鳍标记对游泳能力的影响。研究结果表明,在速度增量（ΔU）为36 mm/s,持续时间（Δt）分别为5 min、10 min、15 min、20 min、25 min、30 min的条件下,唐鱼临界游泳速度会随着持续时间的延长而降低。鳍组织完整的唐鱼〔体长（24 ± 1）mm〕,在不同持续时间（Δt）条件下,其绝对临界游泳速度（Uacrit）为（251.98 ± 11.04）mm/s ~（333.78±12.44）mm/s;同等条件下,切除唐鱼的背鳍或臀鳍均不会对唐鱼的绝对临界游泳速度造成显著影响（P＞0.05）,但切除唐鱼的尾鳍或胸鳍后其临界游泳速度与对照组相比极显著降低（P＜0.01）,其中切除尾鳍后绝对临界游泳速度平均下降47.20%,切除胸鳍后平均下降22.98%,两者间存在极显著的差异（P＜0.01）(图2)。研究表明背鳍切除可作为野外唐鱼短期标记-重捕的手段之一。     

Anxiety,depression-like behaviors and biochemistry disorders induced by cannabis extract in female mice

Cannabis is an annual herbaceous plant sometimes grown for decoration and used as bird food that looks like flax. The study wanted to determine if a Cannabis extract may have an effect on how anxious and depressed the female mice behaved. forty healthy female mice were divided into four groups. Tap water was administered to the first group (control). Ethanol was administered to second group (positive control). The third and four groups were given 1 and 2 mg/kg cannabis extract respectively. Treatment continued for 14 days. After therapy, the light–dark chamber, forced swimming, tail suspension, plus lamb and open field tests were done to assess anxiety and depressive behavior. The results indicated that the anxiety and depression were increased in treated females significantly compared to control. Biochemical results showed that DA,5-HT, AChE, GSH, GST, CAT and SOD were decreased while TBARS, corticosterone and cortisol were increased. In conclusion, cannabis effects this kind of females’ behavior but the mechanisms are not clear yet. We need more researches on this trend.     

Evaluation of swimming performance for fish passage of longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae using an experimental flume

The swimming performance of longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae, the most widely distributed minnow (Cyprinidae) in North America, was assessed in relation to potential passage barriers. The study estimated passage success, maximum ascent distances and maximum sprint speed in an open‐channel flume over a range of water velocities and temperatures (10·7, 15·3 and 19·3° C). Rhinichthys cataractae had high passage success (95%) in a 9·2 m flume section at mean test velocities of 39 and 64 cm s^–1, but success rate dropped to 66% at 78 cm s^–1. Only 20% of fish were able to ascend a 2·7 m section with a mean velocity of 122 cm s^–1. Rhinichthys cataractae actively selected low‐velocity pathways located along the bottom and corners of the flume at all test velocities and adopted position‐holding behaviour at higher water velocities. Mean volitional sprint speed was 174 cm s^–1 when fish volitionally sprinted in areas of high water velocities. Swimming performance generally increased with water temperature and fish length. Based on these results, fishways with mean velocities <64 cm s^–1 should allow passage of most R. cataractae. Water velocities >100 cm s^–1 within structures should be limited to short distance (<1 m) and structures with velocities ≥158 cm s^–1 would probably represent movement barriers. Study results highlighted the advantages of evaluating a multitude of swimming performance metrics in an open‐channel flume, which can simulate the hydraulic features of fishways and allow for behavioural observations that can facilitate the design of effective passage structures.     

交配对广聚萤叶甲成虫耐饥与耐热能力的影响

昆虫交配是一个消耗能量的过程,因此交配后可能对其抗逆能力造成一定的影响。广聚萤叶甲是恶性杂草-豚草的专一性天敌,正常情况下,成虫耐饥饿和耐热能力较强。为明确交配对广聚萤叶甲成虫抗逆能力的影响,本研究观察在一次交配处理后,广聚萤叶甲在饥饿条件下或高温条件下继续存活时间。结果发现,在不提供食物的情况下,交配对雄虫的寿命影响不大,但雌虫的寿命(8.4 d±0.1 d)显著短于对照雌虫(10.8 d±0.1 d)。在高温状态下,无论取食与否,交配都会显著增加广聚萤叶甲雌雄成虫的耐热能力,尤其以雌虫表现更为明显(处理雌虫和对照雌虫存活时间分别为:取食(6.15 d±0.14 d,4.95 d±0.13 d)、不取食(5.55 d±0.13 d,4.81 d±0.11 d)。可见,交配降低广聚叶甲雌虫的饥饿能力,但成虫的耐热能力显著加强。     

耐力训练对ApoE-/-致AS小鼠IL-18和IL-10表达的影响

目的：深入观察耐力训练对载脂蛋白E基因敲除（ApoE^-/-）致动脉粥样硬化（AS）小鼠白介素18（IL-18）和白介素10（IL-10）的影响,探讨运动防治AS的可能机制。方法：选取8周龄雄性ApoE^-/-小鼠20只：随机分为2组（n=10）：AS模型组（AC组）和运动干预组（AE组）,AE组进行跑台耐力训练;选取8周龄C57BL/6J雄性小鼠10只作为正常对照组（CC组）。实验持续12周,取主动脉制作冰冻切片,分别用于观察主动脉AS斑块和病理变化以及主动脉IL-18、IL-10蛋白表达;采用ELISA法检测血清IL-18、IL-10水平。结果：①12周高脂膳食致ApoE^-/-小鼠发生典型的AS病变,耐力训练使AS斑块面积显著减少（P<0.01）,病变程度显著减轻。②与CC组比较,AC组、AE组小鼠血清IL-18和IL-10水平均显著升高（P<0.01）,且AC组IL-18/IL-10比值显著升高（P<0.01）。AE组血清IL-18水平及IL-18/IL-10比值均显著低于AC组（P<0.01）。③与CC组比较,AC组、AE组小鼠主动脉IL-10和IL-18蛋白表达均显著升高（P<0.01）,AE组IL-10表达显著高于AC组（P<0.05）,IL-18表达显著低于AC组（P<0.05）。结论：耐力训练通过降低血液和主动脉IL-18及提高IL-10水平,增强了主动脉血管抗炎能力,从而发挥抗AS的作用。     

Predator-induced morphology enhances escape locomotion in crucian carp

Fishes show a remarkable diversity of shapes which have been associated with their swimming abilities and anti-predator adaptations. The crucian carp (Carassius carassius) provides an extreme example of phenotypic plasticity in body shape which makes it a unique model organism for evaluating the relationship between body form and function in fishes. In crucian carp, a deep body is induced by the presence of pike (Esox lucius), and this results in lower vulnerability to gape-limited predators, such as pike itself. Here, we demonstrate that deep-bodied crucian carp attain higher speed, acceleration and turning rate during anti-predator responses than shallow-bodied crucian carp. Therefore, a predator-induced morphology in crucian carp enhances their escape locomotor performance. The deep-bodied carp also show higher percentage of muscle mass. Therefore, their superior performance in escape swimming may be due to a combination of higher muscle power and higher thrust.     

离心机训练后+Gz耐力相关基因的分离与鉴定

为探讨离心机训练提高正向加速度 (forwardacceleration ,+Gz)耐力的分子机制 ,应用抑制性消减杂交 (suppressionsubtractivehybridization ,SSH)和斑点杂交技术筛选离心机训练 12d后测试高耐力组 (耐受 + 16Gz)与未训练对照组大鼠全脑的差异表达基因 .将获得的序列表达标签 (expressedsequencetag ,EST)进行特异性鉴定后 ,获得 7个上调EST ,其中 5个为已知基因的部分序列 ,2个为新EST ,它们的表达量均在训练 6d组最高 ,表明离心机训练可明显影响大鼠全脑特定基因的表达水平 ,这些基因表达水平的变化很可能与离心机训练提高机体 +Gz耐力的分子机制有关     

Effects of Acute Swimming Exercise on Some Elements in Rats

The objective of the present study is to explore the effects of acute swimming exercise on plasma levels of some elements in rats, immediately after the exercise, and 24 and 48 h later. The study included 40 adult male rats of Spraque Dawley species, which were equally allocated to four groups. Group 1: General Control Group; Group 2: Swimming Group, the group that was decapitated immediately after 30-min acute swimming exercise; Group 3: Swimming Group, the group that was decapitated 24 h after 30-min acute swimming exercise; Group 4: Swimming Group, the group that was decapitated 48 h after 30-min acute swimming exercise. Plasma copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn) levels were determined according to atomic emission method in the blood samples collected from the animals by decapitation method. Measurements conducted immediately after acute swimming exercise (group 2) showed a significant decrease in Se and Zn levels (p < 0,01) and a significant increase in P levels (p < 0,01), when compared to group 1. Measurements carried out 24 h after the exercise (group 3) demonstrated a significant increase in all parameters except for Mg, in comparison to groups 1 and 2 (p < 0,01). It was seen in the measurements made 48 h after the exercise (group 4) that all parameters were restored to control values. The results of our study show that acute swimming exercise significantly changes plasma Cu, Fe, P, Se, and Zn levels.     

伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)对高浓度氮磷营养盐的耐受性

通过5个相对恒定的TN、TP浓度梯度下伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)的生长实验,探讨了伊乐藻对高浓度氮磷营养盐的耐受性,比较了各营养盐浓度下水体的pH值、DO、浮游藻类叶绿素a和附着藻类叶绿素a以及伊乐藻的株高、湿质量、干质量和叶绿素a含量.结果表明:在实验条件下,伊乐藻能耐受TN=10 mg·L~(-1),TP=0.4 mg·L~(-1)的胁迫,且在该营养盐水平下水体中没有出现大量的浮游藻类;而在TN=50 mg·L~(-1)、TP=2 mg·L~(-1)和TN=100 mg·L~(-1)、TP=4 mg·L~(-1)的高营养盐条件下,伊乐藻的生长受到了明显的抑制,同时水体中的浮游藻类明显增多,而附着藻类则明显减少;在高营养盐水平下,一方面水体中的某些营养盐可能对伊乐藻产生了直接伤害,另一方面水体中浮游藻类的增多,所导致的遮光作用也可能限制了其生长;对水体中营养盐的平均水平低于TN=10 mg·L~(-1),TP=0.4 mg·L~(-1)的太湖而言,沉水植被的消亡可能不是由于氮磷营养盐所产生的直接伤害和胁迫.