A C群脑脊髓膜炎球菌多糖菌苗生产工艺与内毒素含量研究

A群及C群流脑多糖抗原用 10 0 0 0 0×g离心或不经超速离心处理 ,经用鲎试验法测定内毒素含量 ,2种工艺生产的A群及C群流脑多糖抗原的内毒素含量均很低。用未经超速离心处理的A群及C群流脑多糖抗原制成的A C群流脑多糖菌苗 ,经鲎试验法测定 ,内毒素含量也很低 ;经家兔升温法进行热原质试验 ,家兔体温未明显升高。证明A C群流脑多糖菌苗生产工艺不经 10 0 0 0 0×g离心去除内毒素步骤是可行的。所制备的流脑多糖抗原内毒素含量符合要求。     

腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿剥除术中不同止血方法对卵巢良性囊肿患者卵巢功能、应激反应以及T细胞亚群的影响

目的:探讨腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿剥除术中不同止血方法对卵巢良性囊肿患者应激反应、卵巢功能以及T细胞亚群的影响.方法:选取我院于2017年1月～2019年1月间接收的80例卵巢良性囊肿患者,根据随机数字表法分为A组(n=40)和B组(n=40),A组患者术中采用双极电凝止血,B组患者术中采用缝合止血,比较两组患者卵巢功能[卵泡...     

A Rapid Method for Manual or Automated Purification of Fluorescently Labeled Nucleic Acids for Sequencing,Genotyping, and Microarrays

Fluorescent dyes provide specific, sensitive, and multiplexed detection of nucleic acids. To maximize sensitivity, fluorescently labeled reaction products (e.g., cycle sequencing or primer extension products) must be purified away from residual dye-labeled precursors. Successful high-throughput analyses require that this purification be reliable, rapid, and amenable to automation. Common methods for purifying reaction products involve several steps and require processes that are not easily automated. Prolinx^®, Inc. has developed RapXtract^™ superparamagnetic separation technology, affording rapid and easy-to-perform methods that yield high-quality product and are easily automated. The technology uses superparamagnetic particles that specifically remove unincorporated dye-labeled precursors. These particles are efficiently pelleted in the presence of a magnetic field, making them ideal for purification because of the rapid separations that they allow. RapXtract-purified sequencing reactions yield data with good signal and high Phred quality scores, and they work with various sequencing dye chemistries, including BigDye and near-infrared fluorescence IRDyes. RapXtract technology can also be used to purify dye primer sequencing reactions, primer extension reactions for genotyping analysis, and nucleic acid labeling reactions for microarray hybridization. The ease of use and versatility of RapXtract technology makes it a good choice for manual or automated purification of fluorescently labeled nucleic acids.     

Development of a second-generation environmentally superior technology for treatment of swine manure in the USA

New swine waste management systems in North Carolina need to meet high performance standards of an environmentally superior technology (EST) regarding nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals, pathogens, ammonia and odor emissions, and remain affordable and simple to operate. The objective of this study was to develop a second-generation treatment system that can achieve high EST standards at reduced costs. The system used solids separation, nitrification/denitrification and phosphorus removal/disinfection, and was demonstrated at full-scale on a 5145-head swine farm during three production cycles (15-months). Removal efficiencies were: 98% suspended solids, 97% ammonia, 95% phosphorus, 99% copper and zinc, 99.9% odors, and 99.99% pathogens. The system met EST standards at 1/3 the cost of the previous version. Animal health and productivity were enhanced; hog sales increased 32,900 kg/cycle (5.6%). These results demonstrated that: (1) significant cost reductions were achieved by on-farm implementation and continued engineering improvements, and (2) the new waste management system substantially benefited livestock productivity.     

Application, eco-physiology and biodiversity of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria

The demand for new and sustainable systems for nitrogen removal has increased dramatically in the last decade. It is clear that the conventional systems cannot deal with the increasing nitrogen loads in a cost effective way. As an alternative, the implementation of the anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) process in the treatment of wastewater with high ammonium concentrations has been started. The compact anammox reactors can sustain high nitrogen loads without any problems. The highest observed anammox capacity is 8.9 kg N removed m^-3 reactor day^-1. The first 75 m³ anammox reactor is operating in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, combined with the partial nitrification process Single reaction system for High Ammonium Removal Over Nitrite (SHARON). Partial nitrification and anammox can also be combined in one reactor systems like Completely Autotrophic Nitrogen removal Over Nitrite (CANON) or Oxygen Limited Ammonium removal via Nitrification Denitrification (OLAND) where aerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anammox bacteria cooperate under oxygen-limitation. These systems remove about 1.5 kg N m^-3 reactor day^-1. In addition to ammonium, urea can also be converted in the CANON system after a two-week adaptation period. The ecophysiological properties of the anammox bacteria make them very well suited to convert ammonium and nitrite. The K_s values for ammonium and nitrite are below 5 M. However, nitrite above 10 mM is detrimental for the anammox process, and oxygen reversibly inhibits the process at concentrations as low as 1 M. Acetate and propionate can be used by the anammox bacteria to convert nitrite and nitrate, whereas methanol and ethanol severely inhibit the anammox reaction. The enzyme hydroxylamine/hydrazine oxidoreductase (HAO), one of the key enzymes, is located in the anammoxosome, which is a membrane bound organelle. The membranes of the anammox bacteria contain unique ladderane lipids and hopanoids. The bacteria responsible for the anammox reaction are related to the Planctomycetes. The first anammox bacteria were isolated via Percoll centrifugation and characterized as Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans. Survey of different wastewater treatment plants using anammox specific 16S rRNA gene primers and anammox specific oligonucleotide probes has revealed the presence of at least three other anammox bacteria, which have been tentatively named Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis, Candidatus Scalindua wagneri and Candidatus Scalindua brodae. A close relative of the latter, Candidatus Scalindua sorokinii was found to be responsible for about 50% of the nitrogen conversion in the anoxic zone of the Black Sea, making the anammox bacteria an important player in the oceanic nitrogen cycle.     

The role of behavioral dominance in structuring patterns of habitat occupancy in a migrant bird during the nonbreeding season

Several species of territorial migratory birds exhibit sexualhabitat segregation on their wintering grounds, with some habitatscontaining mostly males and others mostly females. The objectiveof this study was to determine if in the American redstart(Setophaga ruticilla) in Jamaica habitat segregation is dueto social mechanisms or due to sex-specific habitat specialization.I used habitat-specific patterns of arrival by young males and females, observations of territorial displacements, removalexperiments, and simulations of territorial intrusions to differentiatebetween these two mechanisms. Redstarts were studied in twohabitat types, a male-biased mangrove forest and a female-biasedscrub habitat. In autumn, male and female hatch-year redstartsinitially settled in equal numbers in each habitat, and segregationof the sexes occurred gradually and mostly later in the arrival period. This shift corresponded with an increase in densityof older birds and an increase in territorial displacements.Removal experiments showed that vacancies in male-biased habitatwere filled more rapidly and with greater frequency than thosein female-biased habitat and that vacated male territoriesin mangrove were replaced more often by females than by males. Simulations of territorial intrusions and analyses of body sizeindicated that levels of aggression and body size of both malesand females were greater in mangrove habitat, suggesting thatthese factors may be important in determining the outcomesof dominance interactions. I conclude that patterns of sexualhabitat segregation in redstarts are structured by the dominance behavior of older and more dominant individuals, and these aremostly males.     

Biotechnological potential of Chlorella vulgaris for accumulation of Cu and Ni from single and binary metal solutions

This study provides information on the mechanism(s) of Cu and Ni ion biosorption by C. vulgaris, distinguishing adsorption from intracellular accumulation under various conditions. Surface adsorption was found to contribute maximally (>70%) to total Cu/Ni ion accumulation by the test alga (total accumulation efficiencies were 60 and 53 g metal ion mg protein^–1, respectively for Cu and Ni). Maximum intracellular uptake was reported at a pH range of 6.5–7.5, whereas adsorption reached its maximum at pH 3.5 for Cu, and pH 3.5 and 6.5 in the case of Ni. 35 °C was found to be the best temperature for maximum adsorption, whereas intracellular uptake was highest at 25 °C. Though exponentially grown C. vulgaris registered maximum metal ion uptake, adsorption maxima reached the highest values in the declining phase of the culture. Heat-killed and air-dried C. vulgaris accumulated Cu and Ni at about 80% of the values for viable samples, whereas formaldehyde-treated and immobilized biomasses depicted better accumulating potential than the control cells. Na, K, Mn and Zn caused competitive inhibition, whereas for Ca a mixed-type inhibition was evident. Thus, the present study suggests that the general concept that cations inhibit metal ion accumulation by competing with them for the same binding sites on the cell surface is not absolutely valid. As these results also demonstrate that a large amount of the bound metal (>70%) is in the adsorbed fraction, it is advantageous in the sense that it could be recovered by a suitable desorbing agent, especially in case of precious metals and the biomass could be exploited for repeated use in reactors.     

Monophosphoryl lipid A induces pharmacologic ‘preconditioning’ in rabbit hearts without concomitant expression of 70-kDa heat shock protein

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of a new endotoxin analogue, monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) in a rabbit model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion and to show if this protection was mediated via synthesis of 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP 70). Three groups of New Zealand White rabbits underwent 30 min coronary occlusion, followed by 4 hours reperfusion. First group of rabbits (n = 6) were treated with 0.35 ml vehicle (40 % propylene glycol, 10 % ethanol in water). The second and third group of rabbits (n = 6–8) were treated with MLA (35 g/kg, i.v.) 12 and 24 hours prior to ischemia and reperfusion. MLA treatment either 12 or 24 h prior to ischemia/reperfusion demonstrated significantly reduced infarct size (12.5 ± 1.7 and 14.7 ± 2.1% for 12 and 24 h) when compared with vehicle control (40.4 ± 8.6%, mean ± S.E.M, p < 0.05). No significant differences in the infarct size was observed between the 12 and 24 h MLA treated groups. The area at risk was not significantly different between the three groups. Baseline values of heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were not significantly different between the control and MLA treated groups. However, the systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure during reperfusion were significantly lower in rabbits treated with MLA. Western blot analysis of the protein extracts of the hearts (n = 2/group) demonstrated no increase in the expression of the inducible form of HSP 70 following treatment with MLA. We conclude that MLA has significant anti-infarct effect in rabbit which is not mediated by the cardioprotective protein HSP 70. The anti-infarct effect of this drug is superior to the reported protective effects of delayed ischemic or heat stress preconditioning. We hypothesize that the pharmacologic preconditioning afforded by MLA is accomplished via a unique pathway that bypasses the usual intracellular signaling pathways which lead to the myocardial protection with the expression of heat shock proteins.A preliminary form of this paper was presented at the XV World Congress of the International Society for Heart Research held in Prague, Czech Republic [17].This work was supported in part by grants HL 46763 and 51045 from Natinal Institute of Health and a grant from RIBI ImmunoChem Research, Hamilton, Montana. JBS was supported from a training grant HL 07537 from National Institutes of Health.This article was published in Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 156: 1–8, 1996. Kluwer Academic Publishers regret the publication of the incorrect version.     

谷氨酸脱盐废液培养普通小球藻(Chlorella vugaris)C9-JN2010

研究小球藻在谷氨酸脱盐废液中生长,藻细胞组分及废液中营养利用的效果。结果表明:停留时间10 d,小球藻在体积分数为2%脱盐废液中生长最佳,对总糖、总氮及总磷的消耗率分别为99.1%、96.0%和97.0%;细胞干质量、比生长速率和最大生产强度分别为5.60 g/L、0.223 d-1和560.0 mg/(L.d),细胞中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分及总磷含量(以质量百分数计)分别为50.0%±5.0%、10.0%±2.0%、4.0%±0.5%、6.0%±0.5%和0.80%±0.10%。     

State of the art of aerobic granulation in continuous flow bioreactors

In the wake of the success of aerobic granulation in sequential batch reactors (SBRs) for treating wastewater, attention is beginning to turn to continuous flow applications. This is a necessary step given the advantages of continuous flow treatment processes and the fact that the majority of full-scale wastewater treatment plants across the world are operated with aeration tanks and clarifiers in a continuous flow mode. As in SBRs, applying a selection pressure, based on differences in either settling velocity or the size of the biomass, is essential for successful granulation in continuous flow reactors (CFRs). CFRs employed for aerobic granulation come in multiple configurations, each with their own means of achieving such a selection pressure. Other factors, such as bioaugmentation and hydraulic shear force, also contribute to aerobic granulation to some extent. Besides the formation of aerobic granules, long-term stability of aerobic granules is also a critical issue to be addressed. Inorganic precipitation, special inocula, and various operational optimization strategies have been used to improve granule long-term structural integrity. Accumulated studies reviewed in this work demonstrate that aerobic granulation in CFRs is capable of removing a wide spectrum of contaminants and achieving properties generally comparable to those in SBRs. Despite the notable research progress made toward successful aerobic granulation in lab-scale CFRs, to the best of our knowledge, there are only three full-scale tests of the technique, two being seeded with anammox-supported aerobic granules and the other with conventional aerobic granules; two other process alternatives are currently in development. Application of settling- or size-based selection pressures and feast/famine conditions are especially difficult to implement to these and similar mainstream systems. Future research efforts needs to be focused on the optimization of the granule-to-floc ratio, enhancement of granule activity, improvement of long-term granule stability, and a better understanding of aerobic granulation mechanisms in CFRs, especially in full-scale applications.