牙科焦虑症治疗方法综述

牙科焦虑症主要是对疼痛的恐惧、对未知的恐惧、对机体受到伤害的恐惧等因素导致的焦虑症状。临床中80%的口腔疾病患者都对治疗心存恐惧,因此在很大程度上不能配合医生的治疗甚至逃避治疗。随着生活水平的不断提高,人们要求在舒适的心理环境中接受治疗,因此牙科焦虑症就成为口腔医护工作者必须面对的问题。治疗牙科焦虑症的方法主要分为行为学,药理学和有机放松法三个大类,在实际使用的过程当中往往是各种方法配合使用,而不是单一使用。随着人们研究的逐步深入,提出的具体治疗方法也越来越多,本文就牙科焦虑症目前所使用的治疗方法做详细的介绍及分类,帮助口腔医护工作人员理清治疗思路,为正确的诊断、干预和治疗牙科焦虑症提供治疗方法。     

Ontogenetic changes in foraging tactics of the piscivorous cornetfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fistularia commersonii</Emphasis>

Foraging behaviors of the piscivorous cornetfish Fistularia commersonii were observed at shallow reefs in Kuchierabu-jima Island, southern Japan. This fish foraged on two types of prey fishes: one was reef fish that typically dwell on or near substrata (e.g., Tripterygiidae and Labridae), and the other was pelagic fish that shoal in the water column (e.g., Clupeidae and Carangidae). The prey sizes, prey types and foraging behaviors changed as the predator size increased. Prey sizes were largely limited by gape size of the cornetfish, and small predators consumed small prey. The small cornetfish (10–30 cm in total length) fed only on reef fish captured after stalking (where the fish slowly approaches the prey and then suddenly attacks). The stalking was done either solitarily or in foraging association with conspecifics. Large fish (30–120 cm) fed on both types of fishes by stalking and/or chasing (where the fish chases the prey using its high mobility and attacks), either solitarily or in foraging association with con- or heterospecifics. Thus, chasing was only performed by the large cornetfish against pelagic prey fish in associative foraging with other con- and heterospecific predators. As their body sizes increased, F. commersonii began to show a diversification of foraging behaviors, which was strongly related not only to the habitat types and anti-predatory behaviors of the prey fishes but also to associative foraging with con- or heterospecifics, which improves their foraging success.     

Courtship behavior of male white perch, Morone americana: evidence for control by androgens

Courtship behaviors are androgen-dependent in many vertebrates and castration often decreases courtship. We examined the effectiveness of castration in reducing courtship behaviors and 11-ketotestosterone (KT) and testosterone (T) in restoring them in male white perch. Castrates were given implants containing KT, T or no hormone. Sham-operated males received implants without hormone. Three weeks later, males were exposed to an ovulated female for 1 h and two courtship behaviors were quantified. Attending behavior involves close and continuous following of a female with occasional contact. Circling involves rapid transits around the female in a circular pattern or back and forth in front of her. In plasma samples taken immediately after observations, KT and T were below detectable levels in castrated males but at high physiological levels in males implanted with KT or T. Castrated males given KT attended females more than castrated males given T implants or implants containing no hormone, but not more than sham-operated males. Circling was eliminated by castration but restored by implantation with T or 11-KT to values exhibited by sham-operated males. This is one of the few demonstrations that KT can regulate courtship behavior in a non-territorial and economically important fish species.     

Changes in the carbohydrate and hormonal status in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tulipa bifloriformis</Emphasis> bulbs forced into bloom in a greenhouse and in the open ground

Time-course of ABA, cytokinins, monosaccharides (MS), and water-soluble polysaccharides (WSP) contents were followed during cold dormancy period in the bulbs of tulip (Tulipa bifloriformis Vved.) that stayed over winter in the open ground or were cold-forced into bloom in a greenhouse. In both cases, the level of monosaccharides and water-soluble polysaccharides in the storage scale tissues increased, whereas the MS/WSP ratio in the bulbs planted in the open remained essentially the same and in case of forcing treatment decreased almost fivefold. In the apical bud tissues, the level of monosaccharides also rose in both cases, but the MS/WSP ratio in the open was greater throughout the whole experiment. The level of cytokinins in the apical bud tissues in the open was higher than in the forcing case, although the changes in their total content were identical following both treatments. Following the forcing treatment, the contents of free and bound ABA in the apical bud tissues increased reaching their peaks by the end of cold period. In the open, there were two peaks of free ABA: in October (when early frosts occurred) and in March (at the end of the wintering period). The winter forcing treatment resulted in rapid depletion of energy and plastic resources in T. bifloriformis and the death of 20% of embryonic flower buds (in the open, all flower buds survived). Nevertheless, plant adaptation potential ensured the development of generative shoots with 4–5 normal flowers, which makes it possible to use this species of multiflorous tulip for winter forcing in a greenhouse.     

Predicting availability to consumers of spatially and temporally variable resources

Ecological dynamics in many aquatic communities are strongly influenced by spatial and temporal variability of key limiting resources, and the extent to which consumers can locate and exploit concentrations of those resources. Intuitively, resource concentrations that are `close' and `long-lived' should typically be more available to consumers than `distant' and `ephemeral' resource concentrations. The speed and accuracy with which consumers can locate concentrations of their resources is in part determined by their movement characteristics and sensory constraints, which vary with taxon, life-history stage, physiological state, environmental conditions, and other factors. This has motivated detailed observation and modelling of individual-level foraging behaviors in a wide variety of taxa. However, our abilities to develop this intuitive concept of availability into empirically-based, quantitative predictions for consumer–resource interactions remain limited, largely due to the complexities of formulating and simulating spatially explicit models of consumer–resource interactions, and the difficulty of understanding how specific simulation results relate to broader ecological situations. This paper presents a non-dimensional index, the Frost number, that provides a simple prediction of availability to consumers of spatially and temporally varying resource concentrations. This index incorporates characteristics of both resource distributions and consumer movement behaviors. When Frost numbers characterizing consumer–resource interactions are much less than unity, resource concentrations are typically unavailable to consumers because travel time to reach them exceeds the longevity of the resource. Conversely, when Frost numbers are much greater than unity, resource longevity exceeds travel time so that resource concentrations are available. The Frost number may provide a preliminary identification of the length and time scales at which resources are available to consumers in complex ecological systems, even when detailed spatial observations and simulations are not available.     

Effects of angiotensin II microinjected into medial amygdala on male sexual behavior in rats

Research was undertaken to study the role of central angiotensin in the modulation of male sexual behavior, testing the effect of angiotensin II (Ang II) injections into the medial amygdaloid nucleus (MeA). The sexual behavior of adult male Wistar rats was evaluated, 15 min after bilateral intra-amygdaloid microinjection (0.3 microl) of saline and 5 doses of Ang II: 10; 25; 50; 100, and 150 fmol. The effects of the Ang II receptor blockade were also studied. We tested the effect of coinjection of Ang II (50 fmol) with the AT1 antagonist, losartan (20 pmol) and the AT2 antagonist, CGP 42112 (1 pmol). Ang II inhibited sexual behavior and this inhibition was prevented by the coinjection of AT1 antagonist, losartan, or the AT2 antagonist, CGP 42112. Results show that Ang II has a powerful effect on male sexual behavior, which may be mediated by both AT1 and AT2 receptors.     

The oviposition behavior ofAphidius ervi andMonoctonus paulensis (Hymenoptera: Aphididae) encountering different host species (Homoptera: Aphididae) in sequential patches

Two-day-old mated females ofAphidius ervi Haliday andMonoctonus paulensis (Ashmead) were each provided with two sequential host patches. Patches were comprised of plastic petri dishes containing either 15 pea aphids,Acyrthosiphum pisum (Harris), or 15 alfalfa aphids,Macrosiphum creelii Davis. Both wasp species parasitized more hosts in patches containing pea aphids than in those containing alfalfa aphids, regardless of sequence. Females ofA. ervi also laid more eggs per aphid in patches containing pea aphids than in patches containing alfalfa aphids. When both patches contained alfalfa aphids,M. paulensis females parsitized more aphids in the second patch than in the first. Fewer alfalfa aphids were parasitized in the second patch when the first patch contained pea aphids, and fewer eggs were laid per alfalfa aphid. Parasitoid females of both species exhibited consistently higher rates of oviposition into their preferred host species and adjusted their reproductive allocation to hosts and host patches as a function of their experience in previous patches.     

Approaching the multifaceted nature of energy metabolism: inactivation of the cytosolic creatine kinases via homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells

To study the physiological role of the creatine kinase/phosphocreatine (CK/PCr) system in cells and tissues with a high and fluctuating energy demand we have concentrated on the site-directed inactivation of the B- and M-CK genes encoding the cytosolic CK protein subunits. In our approach we used homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells from strain 129/Sv. Using targeting constructs based on strain 129/Sv isogenic DNA we managed to ablate the essential exons of the B-CK and M-CK genes at reasonably high frequencies. ES clones with fully disrupted B-CK and two types of M-CK gene mutations, a null (M-CK^–) and leaky (M-CK¹) mutation, were used to generate chimaeric mutant mice via injection in strain C57BL/6 derived blastocysts. Chimaeras with the B-CK null mutation have no overt abnormalities but failed to transmit the mutation to their offspring. For the M-CK^– and M-CK¹ mutations successful transmission was achieved and heterozygous and homozygous mutant mice were bred. Animals deficient in MM-CK are phenotypically normal but lack muscular burst activity. Fluxes through the CK reaction in skeletal muscle are highly impaired and fast fibres show adaptation in cellular architecture and storage of glycogen. Mice homozygous for the leaky M-CK allele, which have 3-fold reduced MM-CK activity, show normal fast fibres but CK fluxes and burst activity are still not restored to wildtype levels.     

Behavioral modification in choice process of Drosophila

Because of its clear genetic and developmental background, diversity of behavioral paradigms and neuroanatomy of the brain, Drosophila has become an important animal model for studying genetic, molecular and cellular bases of learning and memory[1]. Extensive research has explored the visual operant conditioning of Drosophila and related molecular bases[2—8]; recently, researchers began to address cognition-like functions and involved neural substrates[9—11]. In these studies, behavioral ana…     

Behavioral responses of males to estradiol-treated females in the budgerigar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Melopsittacus undulatus</Emphasis>)

We investigated the effects of estradiol-treated females on the behavior of male budgerigars. In comparison to control females, females given implants of estradiol showed elevated nest behavior and darker cere color, which are characteristics of breeding females. After we confirmed the efficacy of estradiol treatment on behavior and morphology, each female was paired with a male mate. Males paired with estradiol-treated females showed more courtship behavior (auditory and visual display, and courtship feeding) to their mates than males paired with control females. These data indicate that budgerigar females with a high estrogen level enhance males' courtship behavior. Since males did not show response to estradiol-treated females soon after females were introduced, effects of estradiol-treated female budgerigars may be mediated by the endocrine system, rather than wholly by the nervous system, of males. Electronic Publication