短期内15N标记的铵盐和硝酸盐在青藏高原高寒草甸中的运移规律

运用15N稳定性同位素示踪技术,对高寒草甸植物和土壤微生物固持沉降氮的能力及沉降氮在小嵩草(Kobresia pygaea)草甸中的运移规律进行了研究.施肥2周后,NO-3-15N和NH+4-15N的总恢复率分别为73.5%和78%.无论是NO-3-15N,还是NH+4-15N,植物所固持的15N总是比土壤有机质或者是土壤微生物固持的多.4周后,70.6%的NO-3-15N和57.4%的NH+4-15N被固持在土壤和植物中.其中,土壤有机质所固持的15N均下降了很多,而植物所固持的15N却变化很小.同前面的结果相比,较多的NO-3-15N为土壤微生物所固持.在施肥6周和8周后,NO-3-15N的总恢复率分别为58.4%和67%,而NH+4-15N的总恢复率分别为43.1%和49%.植物和土壤微生物所固持的NO-3-15N比NH+4-15N多.在整个实验期间,植物固持的NO-3N较多,而且比土壤微生物固持了较多的15N.由于无机氮的含量一直很低,无机氮库所固持的15N一般不超过1%.上述结果意味着短期内植物在高寒草甸中对沉降氮的去向起着决定作用.     

Effectiveness of phytoremediation as a secondary treatment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in composted soil

A greenhouse study was conducted over a 12-month period to investigate the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil using phytoremediation as a secondary treatment. The soil was pretreated by composting for 12 weeks, then planted with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), and yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis). Two sets of unvegetated controls also were evaluated, one fertilized and one unfertilized. Total PAH concentrations decreased in the tall fescue, annual ryegrass, and yellow sweet clover treatments by 23.9%, 15.3%, and 9.1%, respectively, whereas the control was reduced by less than 5%. The smaller two- and most of the three-ringed compounds--naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, and anthracene--were not found in detectable concentrations in any of the treatments. The most probable number analysis for microbial PAH degraders did not show any statistically significant differences among treatments. There were significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05) for the residual concentrations of five of the target PAHs. Root surface area measurements indicated that tall fescue and annual ryegrass both had significantly higher root surface area than yellow sweet clover, although the two species were not significantly different from each other. The tall fescue treatment resulted in the highest root and shoot biomass, followed by annual ryegrass and yellow sweet clover, and also had the highest percent of contaminant removal after 12 months. These results imply a positive relationship between plant biomass development and PAH biodegradation.     

彭州市不同土地利用方式土壤小型分解者群落结构和功能

分解作用是农业生态系统养分循环的重要环节,也是影响 农田土壤肥力和生产力的关键过程。土地利用方式不仅显著影响了农田中的土壤微生物和线虫等小型分解者群落的结构特征,还可能改变其生态功能,进而影响分解作用。但是,农业生态系统中的生境变化如何影响了分解作用速率仍不明确,不同土地利用方式下环境因子、土壤生物群落和分解作用之间的动态关系如何也不清楚。利用\"茶包指数\"量化了彭州市典型农区内农田、撂荒地、经济林和杂木林四种生境下的分解速率,并调查比较了各生境下的环境因子和土壤小型分解者群落结构和功能的差异。研究结果发现杂木林和撂荒地的分解速率最快,其次为经济林和农田。有乔木覆盖的生境中土壤小型分解者的丰度相对更高,食物网趋于成熟稳定。在人为管理更频繁的农田和经济林,共生和腐生真菌的丰度显著下降,地下食物网的连通性也弱于受干扰程度低的半自然生境,但病原菌的丰度也较低。土壤细菌是调控分解速率最重要的分解者类群;生境中地上植物丰富度的增加、土壤pH、容重和含碳量的升高均有助于加快分解速率。在彭州市推行农林间作模式,增加地上生境复杂度并合理进行人为管理能够更好地维持地下食物网复杂度和连通性,促进分解作用快速、彻底地进行,对维持土壤养分和健康,提高生产力具有重要意义。     

水淹生境下秋华柳对Cd污染土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响

三峡库区消落带面临水淹及Cd污染双重胁迫,为探究秋华柳(Salix variegata Franch.)在水淹条件下对Cd污染土壤的修复能力,以秋华柳扦插苗为试验材料,设置正常供水(CK)和水淹组(FL)两个水分处理方式,4个Cd浓度梯度:对照组(0mg/kg)、低浓度(0.5mg/kg)、中浓度(2mg/kg)及高浓度(10mg/kg),分别对处理60 d和120 d的土壤微生物数量及酶活性变化特征进行研究。试验结果表明:(1)Cd浓度处理均未显著影响土壤微生物数量(P0.05),水淹显著降低处理60 d土壤细菌数、真菌数及处理120 d的土壤放线菌数及真菌数(P0.05)。(2)种植秋华柳显著提高处理60 d土壤细菌数量(P0.05),对土壤放线菌、真菌数量也有一定提升。(3)Cd浓度处理显著影响处理60 d土壤磷酸酶活性及处理120 d脲酶活性(P0.05),水淹显著降低处理60 d土壤磷酸酶活性及处理120 d脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性(P0.05)。(4)正常供水及水淹条件下,种植秋华柳对土壤酶活均有一定改善作用。种植秋华柳显著提高了处理60 d土壤磷酸酶活性以及处理120 d脲酶和蔗糖酶活性(P0.05)。研究结果表明:水淹生境中,秋华柳对Cd污染土壤微生物数量及酶活性具有改善作用,在Cd污染土壤修复方面有一定应用前景。     

遗传工程微生物细胞间发生的自然遗传转化

将两株具有不同遗传标记的枯草芽孢杆菌在基本培养基中分别培养至对数生长后期后进行短时间混合静置培养 ,经选择平板筛选、DNaseI敏感性试验、质粒检测和产蛋白酶活性检测 ,发现两菌株之间可通过自然遗传转化进行染色体DNA和质粒DNA的交换。研究结果表明 ,自然遗传转化可在细胞间进行 ,这对揭示微生物群居的自然环境中可能存在的细胞间的DNA转移 ,以及正确评估遗传工程微生物(GEMs)的安全使用具有重要意义。     

海洋微生物及海藻抗HIV天然产物研究进展

艾滋病是当今重大的公共卫生问题和社会问题。从天然资源寻找新抗HIV活性天然产物是新药发现的重要途径。综述了来源于海洋微生物、海藻具抗HIV活性的天然产物以及抗H1V活性天然产物筛选方法和靶点。     

玉米秸秆还田对黑土微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了解玉米秸秆还田对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,采用ECO-Biolog微平板法,分析了以无玉米秸秆还田为对照(CK),6000 kg·hm^-2(S1)、9000 kg·hm^-2(S2)、12000 kg·hm^-2(S3)和15000 kg·hm^-2(S4)四个秸秆还田量的土壤微生物碳源代谢特征。结果表明:随着玉米秸秆还田量的增加,土壤微生物平均颜色变化率(AWCD)也随之增加,24~96 h的AWCD值变化迅速,96 h后进入平稳期,S4处理AWCD值始终大于其他处理;秸秆还田对Shannon指数与Simpson指数没有显著影响(P>0.05),但与CK相比,S4处理McIntosh指数显著增加了57.5%(P<0.05);主成分分析结果显示,秸秆还田影响着土壤微生物群落碳代谢能力,S1、CK、S2和S3处理在PC1和PC2上出现显著的分异,糖类、多聚物类、羧酸类碳源是研究区域内土壤微生物利用的主要碳源。因此,在东北黑土区增加玉米秸秆还田量能够提高土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力,提升黑土肥力。     

高寒草地土壤温室气体排放对放牧的响应研究进展

高寒草地生态系统具有独特的地理环境和气候特征,对放牧干扰十分敏感,在全球温室气体通量中贡献突出,研究高寒草地放牧对土壤温室气体排放的影响机制具有重要意义。本文总结高寒草地温室气体源/汇特征、不同放牧方式对土壤微环境和微生物群落结构的影响,发现高寒草地主要是CO₂源、CH₄汇、N₂O源。放牧通过家畜选择性采食、践踏和排泄物返还等多重机制作用于地上植物、土壤结构、温度、湿度和养分,进而影响地下微生物及温室气体通量。本文旨在为高寒草地生态系统健康发展和管理及缓解全球气候变化提供科学依据,并对未来研究方向进行展望。     

Electrochemically active biofilms: facts and fiction. A review

This review examines the electrochemical techniques used to study extracellular electron transfer in the electrochemically active biofilms that are used in microbial fuel cells and other bioelectrochemical systems. Electrochemically active biofilms are defined as biofilms that exchange electrons with conductive surfaces: electrodes. Following the electrochemical conventions, and recognizing that electrodes can be considered reactants in these bioelectrochemical processes, biofilms that deliver electrons to the biofilm electrode are called anodic, ie electrode-reducing, biofilms, while biofilms that accept electrons from the biofilm electrode are called cathodic, ie electrode-oxidizing, biofilms. How to grow these electrochemically active biofilms in bioelectrochemical systems is discussed and also the critical choices made in the experimental setup that affect the experimental results. The reactor configurations used in bioelectrochemical systems research are also described and the authors demonstrate how to use selected voltammetric techniques to study extracellular electron transfer in bioelectrochemical systems. Finally, some critical concerns with the proposed electron transfer mechanisms in bioelectrochemical systems are addressed together with the prospects of bioelectrochemical systems as energy-converting and energy-harvesting devices.