Fishery policy when considering the future opportunity of harvesting

Free access to a common pool of resource in a country may lead to over-exploitation and sacrifice future opportunities of harvesting. As such, the protection of a common fishery resource is worth investigating. In this paper we develop a two-period model and a multi-period model to analyze the optimal inter-temporal utilization of a finite resource of stock and propose to impose a tax on the harvest rate as an efficient mechanism with an aim at economic sustainability by incorporating the future opportunity of harvesting into the models as a major component of social objectives. The sensitivity analysis of the two-period model shows that (1) labor inputs for harvesting in Period 1 should be reduced, the biomass of fishery stock will increase, but the harvesting in Period 2 should be amplified and the biomass of fishery stock in Period 2 will not be affected if the current generation owns a higher valuation on the future opportunity of harvesting; (2) a higher internal regeneration rate leads to higher harvesting in each period and a higher level of fishery stock in Period 1, but an uncertain level of fishery stock in Period 2; (3) with a higher discount rate the harvesting in Period 1 should increase, but the harvesting in Period 2 should fall and the level of fishery stock in each period will be reduced; (4) a higher fish price in Period 1 leads to higher harvesting in Period 1, but reduced harvesting in Period 2. As a consequence, the level of fishery stock in each period will be reduced; (5) the effect of a change in fish prices in Period 2 on the harvesting and the level of fishery stock in Period 1 is uncertain, but the change in fish prices in Period 2 gives a positive effect on harvesting in Period 2 and a negative effect on the level of fishery stock in Period 2; (6) higher labor wages in Period 1 lead to lower harvesting, but a higher level of fishery stock in Period 1. This encourages an increase in harvesting in Period 2 and leads to a higher level of fishery stock in Period 2; and (7) a change of the labor wage in Period 2 affects the harvesting and the level of fishery stock in Period 1 indecisively, but it gives negative effects on the harvesting in Period 2 and positive effects on the level of fishery stock in Period 2.     

生物统计学专业课教育融合劳动教育的初步设计北大核心CSCD

当前大学教育中,劳动教育的实际施行与劳动教育的重要性仍不匹配,主要表现为劳动教育观念未与时俱进、劳动教育形式单一和劳动教育资源缺乏,与当前社会的专业性、创造性劳动需求仍有较大差距。将劳动教育与专业教育相融合将是解决上述问题的有效途径之一。两者的融合不仅可以丰富劳动教育和专业教育的教学形式,使专业教育和劳动教育互相促进,而且可以使劳动教育结合专业知识和专业技能,兼具传统劳动教育的要素和创造性劳动的时代需求。文中重点介绍了生物统计学课程教育中融合劳动教育的设计和实践方法,并分析了两者互相促进的途径及效果。     

Regional material flow accounts for China: Examining China's natural resource use at the provincial and national level

Over the last three decades, China has experienced the most dynamic economic development lifting living standards and resulting in fast‐growing use of natural resources. In the past, the focus has been on national MFA accounts which do not do justice to the second largest economy, home to 19% of the world population and having 30% of global material use. In this research, we calculate material extraction for China at the regional level during 1995–2015 using the most recent available statistical data and applying the most up‐to‐date international calculation methods. In particular, we combine a bottom‐up and top‐down approach for constructing the dataset of China's economically used Domestic Extraction (DEU) in an integrated way. This approach also improves the Chinese national material flow accounts and allows us to present a reliable database of DE of materials for China to date. Our new dataset provides the basis for calculating material footprints and environmental impacts of China's regions. The dataset enables us to evaluate regional resource efficiency trends in China. We find that during the past two decades, China's material use has grown strongly from 11.7 billion tonnes in 1995 to 35.4 billion tonnes in 2015. Material use has accelerated between 2000 and 2010 but slowed down between 2010 and 2015 reflecting the economic contraction caused by the Global Financial Crisis which reduced the global demand for China's manufacturing and a reorientation of China's economic policy settings toward quality of growth. Unsurprisingly, different regions play different roles in the supply chain of materials, achieving different economic performances resulting in very diverse material efficiency outcomes. This information is important to allow for a targeted policy approach to increase resource efficiency, reduce environmental impacts of resource use, and grow wellbeing in China with large positive implications for global sustainability. This study provides the basis for the development of relevant resource management policies for different regions in the future.     

Multidimensional training among Latin America's restoration professionals

The ambitious restoration commitments made by Latin American countries have increased the demand for professionals having multidimensional training in ecological restoration; however, little is known about the kind of training that professionals are currently receiving. Through an online survey, we explored whether restoration professionals in Latin America have been trained on the ecological, socioeconomic, and management dimensions of ecological restoration, and their perceptions of training constraints and curricula needs. Half of the 411 respondents simultaneously work in academia, governments, and nongovernmental organizations, lessening the typical division between the science and practice of restoration, and suggesting the need for stronger multidimensional training to adequately respond to different needs and expectations. Over 80% received formal academic training in fields relevant for restoration and most respondents also reported attending interdisciplinary courses. Training was more focused on the ecological dimension of restoration compared to socioeconomic or management dimensions. Respondents have similar education levels (i.e. most respondents have postgraduate degrees), independently from the organization type in which respondents work, and multidimensionality among organization types was slight. Professionals expressed a need for training opportunities not demanding full‐time dedication. Although increasing training opportunities in socioeconomic and management dimensions is needed, we highlight opportunities to reinforce multidimensional training on restoration through organizational and institutional training, and collaborations among organizations.     

A Comprehensive Material Flow Account for Lao PDR to Inform Environmental and Sustainability Policy

Modern environmental and sustainability policy that acknowledges the linkages between socioeconomic processes and environmental pressures and impacts, and designs policies to decouple economic activity from environmental pressures and impacts, requires a sophisticated and comprehensive knowledge base. The concept of industrial metabolism provides a sound conceptual base, and material flow accounting—including primary material inputs and outflows of waste and emissions—provides a well‐accepted operationalization. Studies presenting a comprehensive material flow account for a national economy are rare, especially for developing countries. Countries such as Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR or Laos) face dual objectives of improving the material standard of living of their people while managing natural resources sustainably and mitigating adverse environmental impacts from growing resource throughput. Our research fills a knowledge gap, presents a comprehensive account of material inputs and outflows of waste and emissions for the Lao PDR national economy, and applies the accounting approach for a low‐income economy in Asia. We present a material balance for the years 2000 and 2015. For this research, we used data from Lao PDR national statistics and the accounting guidelines of the European Statistical Office (Eurostat), which pioneered the use of material flow data as part of its official statistical reporting. We demonstrate the feasibility of the accounting approach and discuss the robustness of results using uncertainty analysis conducted with statistical approaches commonly used in the field of industrial ecology, including Gauss's law of error propagation and Monte Carlo simulation. We find that the fast‐changing scale and composition of Lao PDR material flows, waste, and emissions presents challenges to the existing policy capacity and will require investment into governance of changed patterns of material use, waste disposal, and emissions. We consider the data analysis sufficiently robust to inform such a change in policy direction.     

基于生态旅游与生物保护的日本山原国立公园环境教育

20世纪60年代,环境教育作为公害问题和自然环境破坏的解决对策被日本社会接受,经过60年的发展环境教育的内容已涵盖生物多样性、可持续发展等范畴。以日本山原国立公园为例,从政策制度、生态旅游和生物保护3方面出发,对国立公园的环境教育和自然体验活动进行解读。总结得出山原国立公园以居民团体和企业为中心,在当地政府和保护中心的支持和指导下,开展自然观察体验等基于生态旅游的环境教育。以日本环境省直属山原野生生物保护中心为主导,开展外来物种驱除、珍稀动植物保护等生物保护工作,面向当地居民、学生和游客开展基于生物多样性的环境教育。     

关于临床医学专业学位硕士研究生教学与培养的几点思考

随着医学科学技术的发展和社会需求的扩大,医学界对高层次人才的需求持续增长。为推进我国医疗卫生系统的可持续发展,医学院校适应时势变化,积极调整和优化研究生教学类型结构,大力发展专业学位研究生教育。专业学位研究生教育以培养临床思维和提高临床技能为重点,同时注重基本科研素质的培养。随着专业学位研究生招生人数的增加,如何保证研究生的"质"和"量"的同步提升成为高校和教育者研究热点。本文通过借鉴临床医学科学学位硕士研究生的教学与培养模式,结合临床医学专业学位硕士研究生的特点及培养要求,对以往教学经验与教训做一总结,着力于探索一条适合临床医学专业学位硕士研究生的教学与培养模式,为建立标准化的临床医学专业学位硕士研究生的教学与培养模式提供参考。     

医学伦理学教育提高医务人员手卫生依从性的效果评价

目的：通过在医务人员中开展医学伦理学教育,提高医务人员的手卫生依从性。方法：在进行常规的手卫生知识培训的基础 上进行医学伦理学教育的内容,通过对实施培训和教育前后收集到的资料进行统计分析,评价干预的效果。结果：通过干预,医务 人员的手卫生依从性提高,手卫生相关的消耗品使用量增加。结论：医学伦理学教育能够显著提高医务人员的手卫生责任意识, 提高手卫生的依从性。     

呼吸内科临床实习中的问题与对策探析

目的:研究呼吸内科临床实习中的问题与对策。方法:查询我院对实习生的管理相关文件、现场考核带教老师,最后对85名在医院已经结束呼吸内科实习的本科同学进行问卷调查,包括实习目的、实习态度、实习效果以及实习与就业和考研的关系等项目,对问卷结果进行分析。结果:现今在呼吸内科临床实习的医学生面临着一些问题,如实习管理松懈;带教老师因工作、患者等原因忽视教学;大部分实习生实习目的不明确、实习主动性较差、实习效果不佳;因"择业"、"考研"压力等外界因素以及呼吸内科学科自身的一些原因轻视呼吸内科实习。结论:影响呼吸内科临床实习教学质量的因素有多方面,可针对"教"与"学"提出解决其临床实习的一些对策。