Effect of inoculation withGlomus mosseae on nitrogen fixation by field grown soybeans

Summary This field study was undertaken to determine the effect of inoculation withGlomus mosseae on N₂ fixation and P uptake by soybean. The inoculation withGlomus mosseae was achieved using a new type of inoculant, alginate-entrapped (AE) endomycorrhizal fungus. N₂ fixation was assessed using the A value method. In P-fertilized plots, inoculation with AEGlomus mosseae increased the harvest index based on dry weight (+20%) and N content of seeds (+17%), the A value (+31%) and %N derived from fixation (+75%). Inoculation with AEGlomus mosseae decreased the coefficient of variation for the A value and for the dry weights of the different plant parts.     

Fermented foods, feeds and beverages

There has been a proliferation of books and papers dealing with the indigenous fermented foods/beverages of the world. It is anticipated that these foods/beverages will play an ever-increasingly important role in feeding both the developing and the developed world as population increases from approximately 4.5 billion to 6 billion by the year 2000 and to 8 to 12 billion people in the 21st century. The indigenous fermented foods consist of microbial protein grown on edible substrates. Microbial or single cell protein (SCP) per se continues to receive research and development attention. It is likely to play an important role in feeding animals in the future when it becomes competitive with soy protein. It may play a direct role in feeding humans in the future after its safety for feeding animals has been adequately demonstrated and it has been shown that it can be processed into foods acceptable to humans. At the present time, mushrooms, a form of microbial protein highly acceptable to humans, which can be grown readily on ligno-cellulosic and other agricultural and food processing wastes, offer considerable opportunity for expanding man's food supply.     

Chemical equilibrium and E value of Zn (ZnE) in inceptisols and entisols of tropical india

Summary The chemical equilibrium and E value for Zn was calculated in 9 soils of Haryana (India) which represented mainly entisol and inceptisols. The rate of isotopic exchange between⁶⁵Zn and native soil Zn was quite rapid and radioactivity reduced to about 0.2 per cent of initial activity after 3 days but total Zn concentration in soil solution did not decrease. In 5 out of 9 soils equilibrium was established in 2 to 3 days. In typic ustochrepts having high clay content (3,4) equilibrium was attained in two days. In typic udipsamments (2), typic camborthids (8) and aquic vertic ustichrepts (9) it took 3 days to set equilibrium. Typic ustochrepts (5) took 5 days for equilibrium whereas typic ustipssaments (6) and typic camborthids of high O.C. did not attain equilibrium even in 7 days. This indicated that the chemistry and availability of Zn in soil would depend on soil types. When Zn_E was estimated by applying activity after equilibrium with carrier Zn and by applying activity with carrier Zn before equilibrium was set, there was no agreement in Zn_E in two methods. Increasing Zn_E with increasing Zn dose was observed by both methods only in alkaline typic ustochrept (4). In some soils higher E values than added amounts were observed, whereas, in soil 8 negative E values were obtained. The E values become erratic and are over estimated where complex reactions take place due to high pH, high O.C. and high complex forming elements.     

Relationships between culture density and the composition of three floating aquatic macrophytes

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Pistia stratiotes (L.), and Lemna minor (L.) were cultured at four different densities each and analyzed for cell-wall fraction, crude protein, total available carbohydrate and ash. Cell-wall fraction increased and crude protein content decreased as density increased in Eichhornia and Pistia cultures. The cell-wall and crude protein content of Lemna did not change with increasing culture density. Differences in the trends of cell-wall and crude protein content of the three plants at increasing culture densities appear to be related to differences in growth form. There was no difference in the total available carbohydrate or ash content of the three species at different culture densities.     

退耕还林还草工程对陕北地区生态系统服务价值时空演变的影响

基于陕北地区1990、2000、2015年土地利用数据,运用单位面积生态系统价值当量因子法、格网法、探索性空间数据法（ESDA）,分析了退耕还林还草工程实施前后生态系统服务价值（ESV）的空间分布和演化规律,探讨了退耕还林还草工程对ESV的影响。结果表明：（1）陕北地区退耕还林还草工程实施效果显著,工程实施后共有297066.15 hm2耕地转化为林地和草地,林草覆盖率由57.33%增长至60.50%。（2）退耕还林还草工程使得陕北地区ESV得到了显著提升。25年间陕北地区ESV共增加了32.82亿元,ESV在工程实施后比工程实施前多增加了5.93亿元,增长主要源于退耕引起林地和草地面积的增加。（3）ESV空间分布上呈显著的“南高北低”分布格局,并表现出正向的集聚性和依存性,ESV热点区和冷点区集聚效果明显,热点区集聚与林地、草地的空间分布相吻合,冷点区集聚与未利用地、耕地和建设用地的空间分布相吻合。（4）受退耕还林还草工程影响,陕北地区中部中等等级和次高ESV分布区域逐渐增大、次热点区空间集聚性逐渐增强,北部次低等级和低等级ESV分布区域逐渐减少、冷点区空间集聚性逐渐减弱。整体而言,陕北地区土地利用类型转移和ESV的增减变化与推行退耕还林还草工程在时间上相呼应、在空间上相匹配,退耕还林还草工程实施使得陕北地区生态环境得到了有效改善,ESV得到了显著提升。     

基于生态系统服务价值重构的干旱内陆河流域生态安全格局优化——以张掖市甘州区为例

干旱区内陆河流域的生态环境极为脆弱,生态系统的微小变化也可能给流域生态安全带来巨大影响。甘州区位于干旱内陆河流域,生态问题突出,重视生态系统自身安全、构建合理的生态安全格局是保障该地区生态安全的有效措施。通过当量因子法估算2000、2005、2010年甘州区生态系统服务的静态价值,在充分考虑各项生态系统服务功能变化率及空间集聚程度对功能发挥影响的基础上,采用生态系统服务优先指数和空间丰富度指数,对甘州区2010年生态系统服务静态价值的估算结果进行动态重构。利用重构后的生态系统服务价值构建了甘州区3种不同安全水平情景下的生态安全格局。结果表明:1)甘州区生态系统服务价值总量逐步上升,各项服务多年变化率差异不大。2)重构后生态系统服务价值量为1438.21—390993元/hm~2,大部分地区为中低值。3)低、中、高安全水平生态安全格局中,生态源地面积分别为155.75 km~2,191.25 km~2和224.5 km~2。基于生态系统服务价值构建的生态安全格局是立足于生态系统服务现状提出的规划策略,可为区域生态保护规划和生态文明建设提供重要依据。     

基于生态系统服务评价的围填海区域景观生态红线划分方法及应用研究

以围填海活动为代表的高强度的人类开发利用方式从根本上改变了海岸带地区的自然属性,区域生态环境发生了深刻变化。定位于我国大陆沿海的围填海区域,通过人机交互目视解译的方法获取我国大陆沿海围填海区域的矢量数据,基于围填海活动影响下海岸带区域的景观类型和生态系统服务变化的评估结果,识别我国海岸带的生态脆弱区和重点保护区,提出围填海区域景观生态红线的划分方法。通过分析可知:(1)围填海区域景观生态红线区呈现出"总体分散、局部集中"的的分布特点;(2)景观生态红线区主要分布在人工湿地和残存自然湿地中。围填海区域是进行海陆统筹研究的关键区域,而景观生态红线作为识别其重要生态功能区,并进行二次保护和抢救性保护的有效手段,将为我国海岸带生态管理提供新思路和新方法。     

基于动态当量的乐山市生态系统服务价值时空演变及驱动力研究

生态系统服务价值评估作为土地资源合理配置、生态环境保护和生态补偿标准制定的重要前提,是当前的研究热点之一。以乐山市为研究区域,基于2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年4期土地利用数据,运用生态系统服务价值动态当量法、地理探测器模型等方法,定量分析乐山市2000—2015年间生态系统服务价值时空变化规律及驱动机制。结果表明:(1)2000—2015年乐山市生态系统服务价值整体呈下降趋势,仅在2005—2010年有所回升,总量共减少了23.22亿元,主要与林地大量减少和建设用地大量增加有关;(2)空间上呈现西南高、东北低的分布态势,且各区域变化不同,西南方向山地以下降为主,东部平原丘陵以上升为主,河流两侧上升明显;(3)影响生态系统服务价值时空分布的主导因素为土地利用、NPP、降水量和坡度,除此之外气温、高程、土壤类型也有较大决定力;(4)自然因子决定力大于社会经济因子,但社会经济因子的影响越来越突出。研究揭示了乐山市生态系统服务价值的时空变化规律及驱动因子,为该地区土地利用规划与生态环境保护机制的建立提供了科学参考。     

基于享乐价格-结构方程双模型的西宁城市湿地生态系统服务价值及影响因素研究

湿地为城市发展提供巨大的生态系统服务,但其被市场“认可”的经济价值难以准确评估。以青海省西宁市城市湿地为例,筛选房屋结构、可达性、环境、湿地等10个因子,采用享乐价格模型对110个湿地周边社区样点的因子数据(2020年)进行分析,定量分析城市湿地被市场“认可”的价值量。采用断裂点理论和加权Voronoi图模型方法等,分析了湿地生态系统服务价值的空间影响范围;构建了湿地生态系统服务价值影响因素的结构方程模型,探究了影响湿地生态系统服务价值的主要因素。结果表明：(1)2020年湟水城市湿地的总价值达到3.367亿元,约有54.3%的生态系统服务通过房产被市场转化;(2)湟水湿地单位面积的生态系统服务价值为151.916元/m~2,生态系统服务价值由大到小排列：火烧沟(1.632亿元)>海湖湿地(0.710亿元)>宁海湿地(0.629亿元)>北川湿地(0.330亿元);(3)湿地生态系统服务价值占房产总价值的比例达到2.04%,位列10个因素中的第7位;线性函数模型结果显示,购买者对湿地的边际支付意愿是0.12元/m~2,即购买者愿意为房产与湿地之间的距离每缩小1m而多支付...     

基于四象限模型的生态系统服务与人类活动强度关联性分析--以皖南国际旅游文化示范区为例

运用空间热点分析定量分析了生态系统服务在不同尺度上的空间分异特征,基于四象限模型对生态质量进行评价,并采用地理探测器探讨影响其空间分异的主要驱动因素。结果表明:(1)生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Service Value,ESV)存在显著的空间异质性,分布格局呈现空间自相关性,冷热点分布具有明显尺度效应。(2)示范区人类活动强度与ESV耦合程度基本协调一致,生态质量总体状况较好。人类活动强度与ESV耦合程度因研究尺度不同而存在一定差异。(3)各探测因子的解释力在县域和乡镇尺度上存在显著差异,社会经济驱动因素在县域尺度上解释力大于乡镇尺度。各驱动因子之间存在明显的协同增强效应,双因子交互作用增强了对ESV空间分异的解释力。