Screening for Phenoloxidases from Edible Mushrooms

A screening test for phenoloxidases from edible mushrooms was done on potato dextrose agar plates that contained phenolic chemicals. Many edible mushrooms showed positive reactions on the agar plates. Among them, Auricularia auricula-judae, Clitocybe nebularis, Lentinus edodes, Pholiota aurivella, and Pseudohiatula oshimae produced a considerable amount of phenoloxidases, and these enzymes showed maximum activities in the acidic pH region.     

Production of Anti-Amyloid β Antibodies in Mice Fed Rice Expressing Amyloid β

The main signs of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are cognitive impairment and senile plaques composed of amyloid beta (Aβ) observed in patients’ brains. Therefore, therapy for AD focuses on the removal of Aβ. We developed an “edible vaccine” that employs intestinal immunity with little to no side effects. Rice was utilized as an edible vaccine. It expressed GFP-Aβ42. Aβ rice was administered orally to wild-type (WT) mice causing production of anti-Aβ antibodies. Since Aβ rice was mixed with the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), antibody against the rice seed protein was also produced. Then, mice were caused to develop immune tolerance against the rice seed protein by oral administration of Aβ rice mixed with CTB. The results indicated that only anti-Aβ antibodies were produced.     

桑黄等十种食药用菌抗氧化和延缓衰老功效的比较研究

以桑黄、桦褐孔菌、灵芝、蛹虫草、姬松茸、鸡腿菇、猴头、灰树花、香菇和杏鲍菇等十种食药用菌作为研究对象,利用超氧阴离子和过氧化氢自由基清除模型、H2O2和NaN3分别诱导的PC12细胞氧化损伤和细胞衰老模型,比较了10种食药用菌醇提物抗氧化和抗衰老功效。研究结果表明,200 mg/mL桑黄、桦褐孔菌和灵芝子实体醇提物对超氧阴离子和过氧化氢的清除率分别为96.11%±0.30%、75.92%±0.77%、65.60%±6.66%和99.31%±0.03%、97.51%±0.05%、71.01%±0.79%;对PC12细胞氧化损伤和细胞衰老的修复作用分别达到0.868%±0.078%、0.270%±0.004%、0.261%±0.013%和1.419%±0.070%、0.693%±0.036%、0.701%±0.031%,均明显好于其它食药用菌。     

分子标记在食（药）用真菌遗传多样性研究中的应用

食（药）用真菌在经济和生态方面都具有重要意义,其遗传多样性研究是资源可持续利用和生物保护学研究的基础,有利于食（药）用真菌种质资源的收集、保存、评价和利用,也有助于其分类学、系统学及进化等的研究。遗传多样性的研究方法很多,分子标记是目前最常用最有效的方法之一。综合分析了分子标记在食（药）用真菌遗传多样性研究中的应用,比较了各种标记的应用范围、优缺点,探讨了分子标记用于食（药）用真菌遗传多样性评价的前景及问题。     

高通量植物生物反应器及其在遗传资源挖掘中的应用

生物反应器(bioreactor)是一种以表达目标产物或获得繁殖体为目的的设备系统,包括微生物、动物、植物生物反应器以及相关设备。植物生物反应器(phytobioreactor)是借鉴植物组织培养和微生物发酵原理制作的设备系统。其中,应用较广泛的是间歇浸没式植物生物反应器。与传统植物组织培养相比,该方法具备可换气、无需转接和大容量培养等特点。国内制作的BIOF系列新型植物生物反应器还可以利用串/并联方法,实现更高通量培养能力,其应用于植物种苗繁育、代谢产物的表达、耐盐等变异的定向筛选、植物生长发育的动态分析等方面均具备显著优势。现代植物生物技术在基础研究和产业方面的应用对植物生物反应器提出了新要求,新型生物反应器应用方法的持续改进和设备系统的不断完善,使其成为植物学领域的高效研究平台,并将促进植物育种和植物源化合物的发掘等方面研究效率的提高。     

真菌系统学大趋势：越来越多的分类单元

分子生物学技术与真菌系统学的有机融合,为真菌分类和系统发育研究带来了革命性的变化。最近20年来,真菌学家们建立了大量的新目、新科、新属和新种,掀开了真菌多样性及其起源进化研究的新纪元,但很多重要的系统发育问题仍没有解决,特别是大量目间、科间的亲缘关系并不清楚。细分是真菌系统学的主流趋势,野生食用菌和毒蘑菇的分类也是如此,近年涌现了越来越多的新分类单元,如在2010-2019年的10年间,中国发表大型真菌（含地衣）新种1 240余个。本专刊收载的15篇论文是对我国野生食用菌和毒蘑菇研究工作的部分总结,对真菌资源利用、毒蘑菇中毒预防与治疗具有较重要的科学意义和应用价值。     

Breeding crop plants with deep roots: their role in sustainable carbon, nutrient and water sequestration

BACKGROUND: The soil represents a reservoir that contains at least twice as much carbon as does the atmosphere, yet (apart from 'root crops') mainly just the above-ground plant biomass is harvested in agriculture, and plant photosynthesis represents the effective origin of the overwhelming bulk of soil carbon. However, present estimates of the carbon sequestration potential of soils are based more on what is happening now than what might be changed by active agricultural intervention, and tend to concentrate only on the first metre of soil depth. SCOPE: Breeding crop plants with deeper and bushy root ecosystems could simultaneously improve both the soil structure and its steady-state carbon, water and nutrient retention, as well as sustainable plant yields. The carbon that can be sequestered in the steady state by increasing the rooting depths of crop plants and grasses from, say, 1 m to 2 m depends significantly on its lifetime(s) in different molecular forms in the soil, but calculations (http://dbkgroup.org/carbonsequestration/rootsystem.html) suggest that this breeding strategy could have a hugely beneficial effect in stabilizing atmospheric CO(2). This sets an important research agenda, and the breeding of plants with improved and deep rooting habits and architectures is a goal well worth pursuing.     

常见蝽类昆虫的化学成分及药理活性研究进展

本文综述了国内外常见的半翅目蝽类昆虫化学成分以及药理作用的研究。从生物学、化学、医学等方面阐述了此类昆虫的研究价值,为进一步研究开发提供科学依据。     

Influence of inoculum density and aeration volume on biomass and bioactive compound production in bulb-type bubble bioreactor cultures of Eleutherococcus koreanum Nakai

This study deals with the effects of initial inoculum density and aeration volume on biomass and bioactive compound production in adventitious roots of Eleutherococcus koreanum Nakai in bulb-type bubble bioreactors (3-L capacity). While the fresh and dry weights of the roots increased with increasing inoculum density, the highest percentage dry weight and accumulation of total target compounds (eleutheroside B and E, chlorogenic acid, total phenolics, and flavonoids) were noted at an inoculum density of 5.0 g L⁻¹. Poor aeration volume (0.05 vvm) stunted root growth, and high aeration volume (0.4 vvm) caused physiological disorders. Moreover, an inoculum density of 5.0 g L⁻¹ and an aeration volume of 0.1 vvm resulted in the highest concentration of total target compounds and least root death. Such optimization of culture conditions will be beneficial for the large-scale production of E. koreanum biomass and bioactive compounds.     

密度和修剪对冬小麦根系时空分布和产量的影响

田间试验研究了种植密度和不同时期根修剪对黄土旱塬冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)根系时空分布、土壤水分利用以及产量的影响。供试材料为该地区广泛种植的冬小麦品种长武135。试验设定4个密度处理:SR1、SR2、SR3和SR4,分别为180、225、280和340株/m2,其中SR2为常规密度;以及4个根修剪处理:CK(不剪根处理)、W(越冬期根修剪)、S(返青期根修剪)和B(越冬期根修剪+返青期根修剪)。研究结果表明,冬小麦返青期、孕穗期和花期根系总干重随种植密度的增加而增加。根修剪处理显著降低了各生育期冬小麦根系总干重,不同处理间排序为CKWSB。种植密度和根修剪对冬小麦根系总长度的影响与根系总干重类似,各处理间根系总干重和根系总长度的差异主要来自于0—20 cm表土层。冬小麦表土层(0—20 cm)中的根干重密度(DRWD)和根长密度(RLD)都随种植密度的提高而增加。根修剪降低了返青期、孕穗期和花期冬小麦DRWD和RLD在0—20 cm表土层中的分布,但增加了花期60—100 cm深土层中的DRWD和RLD。整个生育期土壤水分消耗随种植密度增加而增加,而根修剪显著减少土壤水分的消耗。冬小麦的产量和水分利用效率随着种植密度增加而显著提高。根修剪处理显著增加了冬小麦的产量,且W处理的产量最高,同时根修剪也显著提高了冬小麦的水分利用效率。由此可见,越冬期根修剪(W)可以最大程度提高冬小麦产量。考虑到经济效益,建议旱地雨养农业区在较高的密度下进行越冬期根修剪处理,从而达到生产上高产高效的目的。