全文获取类型
收费全文 | 6132篇 |
免费 | 996篇 |
国内免费 | 2440篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 61篇 |
2023年 | 327篇 |
2022年 | 279篇 |
2021年 | 409篇 |
2020年 | 435篇 |
2019年 | 514篇 |
2018年 | 366篇 |
2017年 | 390篇 |
2016年 | 426篇 |
2015年 | 349篇 |
2014年 | 361篇 |
2013年 | 424篇 |
2012年 | 331篇 |
2011年 | 371篇 |
2010年 | 334篇 |
2009年 | 406篇 |
2008年 | 356篇 |
2007年 | 434篇 |
2006年 | 372篇 |
2005年 | 333篇 |
2004年 | 269篇 |
2003年 | 256篇 |
2002年 | 227篇 |
2001年 | 206篇 |
2000年 | 160篇 |
1999年 | 115篇 |
1998年 | 137篇 |
1997年 | 80篇 |
1996年 | 100篇 |
1995年 | 69篇 |
1994年 | 61篇 |
1993年 | 64篇 |
1992年 | 74篇 |
1991年 | 57篇 |
1990年 | 42篇 |
1989年 | 43篇 |
1988年 | 23篇 |
1987年 | 33篇 |
1986年 | 22篇 |
1985年 | 26篇 |
1984年 | 25篇 |
1983年 | 12篇 |
1982年 | 32篇 |
1981年 | 23篇 |
1980年 | 19篇 |
1979年 | 20篇 |
1978年 | 16篇 |
1977年 | 15篇 |
1976年 | 17篇 |
1974年 | 11篇 |
排序方式: 共有9568条查询结果,搜索用时 203 毫秒
71.
Production of mouse monoclonal antibodies using a continuous cell culture fermenter and protein G affinity chromatography 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A. Zamboni I. Giuntini D. Gianesello F. Maddalena F. Rognoni D. Herbst 《Cytotechnology》1994,16(2):79-87
The production of anti--fetoprotein monoclonal antibodies for diagnostic use was carried out in a stirred tank fermenter equipped with a double membrane stirrer for bubble free aeration and continuous medium perfusion. A serum-free medium supplemented with 4 mM L-glutamine and 2.0 g/l glucose with a protein content of only 780 g/ml was used for the production process. The harvested antibodies were concentrated 50-fold using a tangential ultrafiltration system and were then purified in a one step purification process by protein G affinity chromatography. The purity of the final product (90%) was controlled by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gel exclusion chromatography and isoelectric focussing. For further quality controls of the product the immunoglobulin subclass and the isoelectric point were determined and the specificity of the purified mAb was tested by RIA using125I labelled -fetoprotein.1.87 g of purified monoclonal antibodies were produced (90% purity) within 2 weeks. It was found that the use of this type of stirred tank fermenter combined with a one step purification process using protein G affinity chromatography represents a suitable method for the fast production of medium scale quantities (500 mg–5 g) of monoclonal antibodies for diagnostic use.Abbreviations AFP
-Fetoprotein
- BSA
bovine serum albumine
- FCS
Fetal calf serum
- HRP
horseradish peroxidase
- OPD
o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride
- I.P.
isoelectric point
- IEF
isoelectric focussing
- PBS
Phosphate buffered saline 相似文献
72.
J. W. Kadereit 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》1994,107(6):369-373
Various explanations can be offered for the incongruence between phylogenetic hypotheses resulting from morphological and molecular data sets. Of these, the possibility that incongruence may result from the mutation of major morphogenetic genes leading to dramatic morphological divergence unaccompanied by equivalent change of the phylogenetic marker molecule(s) used is discussed in detail. As evidence for this hypothesis, several examples for such incongruence are surveyed. It seems possible that in many cases the genetic basis of the morphological characters responsible for the incongruence found may be simple, and that the genes involved may be homologous to genes known from mutant systems. It is suggested that: 1. the systematic documentation of incongruence between molecular and morphological phylogenies may help to assess the frequency of evolutionary change through the mutation of major morphogenetic genes, and that 2. the identification of major morphological characters distinguishing closely related taxa with mutant phenotypes known from mutant systems eventually may allow an experimental approach to the problem of evolutionary change resulting from major genes. Natural taxa suspected to be the result of such processes could be changed morphologically through transformation with the relevant genes. 相似文献
73.
藻-菌生态系统代谢功能的生态学研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
在室内模拟条件下,研究了一些生态因子对藻-菌(A+B)生态系统代谢有机碳(C6H12O6)、NH3-N和无机磷(IP)的影响.研究结果表明,当藻-菌生态系统中藻(A)或菌(B)的起始数量一定时,其代谢C6H12O6的速率,随与之组合的B或A的起始数量增加(数量比则相应降低)而增加.在光照和黑暗条件下,A+B系统代谢上述3种营养物质的速率均有一定的差异.黑暗下C6H12O6的平均代谢速率较光照下高12.3%(P<0.05),IP和NH3-N的平均代谢速率则分别较光照下低14.4%(P<0.05)和16.2%(P<0.001).在A+B系统和A、B单培养物中,3种营养物质的代谢速率均随有机负荷量增加而增加,而且A+B系统的代谢速率分别高于单培养的A和B,其中NH3-N代谢尤为显著.文章还就生态系统结构与功能的关系问题进行了讨论. 相似文献
74.
高寒草甸生态系统中牦牛体重和采食量动态模型的研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
高寒草甸生态系统中牦牛体重和采食量动态模型的研究黄大明(清华大学生物科学与技术系,北京100084)赵松岭(兰州大学,兰州730000)Dynamicmodelsofyakliveweightanditsintakeinalpinemeadoweco... 相似文献
75.
76.
Extractive separation of penicillin G by facilitated transport via carrier supported liquid membranes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The facilitated transport of penicillin G (Pen G), through a supported liquid membrane with Amberlite LA-2 dissolved in 1-decanol, supported on a microporous polypropylene membrane, were studied. The distribution coefficient was obtained from a batch extraction experiment. The effects of flow rate, carrier concentration, initial concentration of Pen G, and the pH of feed and stripping phases on the transport rate of Pen G through the supported liquid membrane were also investigated. The results are in agreement with theoretical predictions, and it is demonstrated that the transport of Pen G through the supported liquid membrane is controlled simultaneously by mass transfer across both aqueous and liquid membranes. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
77.
A new selectively neutral mutation occurs in a multilocus genetic background that has achieved a stable equilibrium at which there is a linkage disequilibrium. Perturbation techniques are applied to an extension of the branching process formulation of Fisher in order to address the question of extinction probabilities. We show that under appropriate conditions the probability of extinction of the new mutant is increased by the existence of linkage disequilibrium in the genetic background.Research supported in part by NIH grant GM 28016 相似文献
78.
K. B. Athreya 《Journal of mathematical biology》1993,32(1):45-53
This paper extends the results of [1] to the multitype case. For a multitype branching process that is slightly supercritical, approximations for the survival probability in terms of the maximal eigenvalue of the mean matrix and a generalized variance 2 are developed. Our results improve upon those of Hoppe [5] and Eshel [3] that seek to validate a conjecture of Ewens [4].Research supported in part by NSF grant DMS 9007182 相似文献
79.
80.
Marjolijn J. A. Christianen Fee O. H. Smulders Jan Arie Vonk Leontine E. Becking Tjeerd J. Bouma Sabine M. Engel Rebecca K. James Mabel I. Nava Jaco C. de Smit Jurjan P. van der Zee Per J. Palsbøll Elisabeth S. Bakker 《Global Change Biology》2023,29(1):215-230
Large grazers (megaherbivores) have a profound impact on ecosystem functioning. However, how ecosystem multifunctionality is affected by changes in megaherbivore populations remains poorly understood. Understanding the total impact on ecosystem multifunctionality requires an integrative ecosystem approach, which is especially challenging to obtain in marine systems. We assessed the effects of experimentally simulated grazing intensity scenarios on ecosystem functions and multifunctionality in a tropical Caribbean seagrass ecosystem. As a model, we selected a key marine megaherbivore, the green turtle, whose ecological role is rapidly unfolding in numerous foraging areas where populations are recovering through conservation after centuries of decline, with an increase in recorded overgrazing episodes. To quantify the effects, we employed a novel integrated index of seagrass ecosystem multifunctionality based upon multiple, well-recognized measures of seagrass ecosystem functions that reflect ecosystem services. Experiments revealed that intermediate turtle grazing resulted in the highest rates of nutrient cycling and carbon storage, while sediment stabilization, decomposition rates, epifauna richness, and fish biomass are highest in the absence of turtle grazing. In contrast, intense grazing resulted in disproportionally large effects on ecosystem functions and a collapse of multifunctionality. These results imply that (i) the return of a megaherbivore can exert strong effects on coastal ecosystem functions and multifunctionality, (ii) conservation efforts that are skewed toward megaherbivores, but ignore their key drivers like predators or habitat, will likely result in overgrazing-induced loss of multifunctionality, and (iii) the multifunctionality index shows great potential as a quantitative tool to assess ecosystem performance. Considerable and rapid alterations in megaherbivore abundance (both through extinction and conservation) cause an imbalance in ecosystem functioning and substantially alter or even compromise ecosystem services that help to negate global change effects. An integrative ecosystem approach in environmental management is urgently required to protect and enhance ecosystem multifunctionality. 相似文献