非线性映射和聚类分析在中风病证候分类中的应用

本文用非线性映射和聚类分析方法,给出了中风病的四个类型,为中风病的证候分类提供了分析方法和信息．     

Two-bond C-C spin-coupling constants in carbohydrates: effect of structure on coupling magnitude and sign

An empirical projection method is described to predict the magnitudes and signs of two-bond ¹³C-¹³C spin-coupling constants (²J_CC) in aldopyranosyl rings. The method has been applied primarily to the interpretation of ²J_CCC values, although the behavior of ²J_COC has also been examined in light of the new approach, producing results which may prove useful in the conformational analysis of O-glycosidic linkages in oligosaccharides. High-level ab initio calculations of ²J_CC values in model compounds were found to be in agreement with the predictions.     

Optimal flower lifetimes

Summary ESS floral lifetimes satisfy the product theorem from sex allocation theory. The dimensionless time investment per flower is a symmetric function of two dimensionless gain : cost ratios, one for each gender function.     

Ecotoxicological threshold levels of a mixture of herbicides (atrazine, diuron and metolachlor) in freshwater microcosms

Twelve indoor, plankton-dominated, freshwater microcosms (600 l) were used to study the effect of a mixture of herbicides on structural and functional aspects of these ecosystems. The EC50, 72 h values of the most susceptible standard test alga Selenastrum capricornutum (EC50, atrazine=54 μg l−1, EC50, diuron=15 μg l−1, EC50, metolachlor=56 μg l−1) were used as a starting point for the dosage applied in the microcosms (dosages: 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1× EC50). The microcosms were exposed to chronic levels for 28 days and subsequently monitored for 4 more weeks. The following effects were observed: (1) direct effects became apparent from an initial drop in photosynthesis efficiency, pH and oxygen concentration and a decrease in the abundance of several phytoplankton taxa at the 0.3 × EC50 treatment level and higher. (2) Fourteen days post application an increase in the abundance of several phytoplankton taxa (Chlamydomonas sp. and Stephanodiscus/Cyclotella) was observed; oxygen concentrations recovered while alkalinity, conductivity and total inorganic nitrogen were elevated. (3) Effects on fauna were minor. Daphnia galeata showed a decreasing trend and the cyclopoid copepods an increasing trend at the end of the experiment. Multivariate statistical analyses demonstrated no effects of any treatment level on the zooplankton community. Effects were reported for the phytoplankton community at dose levels of 0.3 × EC50 and higher. On species level the most sensitive taxon was Chlorophyceae coccales. For this taxon a NOEC at the dose level of 0.01 × EC50 was calculated. This effect however was relatively small in magnitude and merely based on an increase in numbers in the control and lowest treated microcosms rather than a decrease in numbers in all other treatments. The standards based on algal toxicity data, as adopted by the Uniform Principles, consist of a safety factors of 0.1 to be multiplied with the EC50. The NOEC of coccales was lower than 0.1 × EC50. All other observed variables in this aquatic ecosystem were sufficiently protected against the mixture of herbicides by the safety factor as proposed in the Uniform Principles. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Beyond Our Original Horizons: the Tropicalization of Beverton and Holt

The extension into tropical areas of Beverton and Holt's yield per recruit approach for stock assessment represents a straightforward case of normal science, the common Kuhnian counterpart to his much rarer paradigm shifts. It is shown that the normal science which, in recent decades, has led to new methods for estimating growth, mortality and other statistics required for yield per recruit analyses in data-sparse environments, has not only enriched fisheries science and aquatic biology as a whole, but has also contributed to identify the limitations of the single-species research programme originally defined by Beverton and Holt. The most likely prospect for that programme, in the tropics and elsewhere, is to become a component of the multispecies, or rather ecosystem approach that is emerging, and to which Beverton and Holt will have contributed many of the concepts, and much of the rigour.     

内蒙古典型草原土壤固碳潜力及其不确定性的估算

以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟典型草原围封和放牧对照的实测数据为基础,比较了不同植物群落类型的碳储量和固碳量,并估算了重度退化草地完全恢复后的土壤固碳潜力.结果表明: 在局地尺度上,以羊草、大针茅和克氏针茅为优势种的3种植被类型的年均固碳量均随着围封年限的增加而减少.羊草和大针茅草原群落的碳储量显著高于克氏针茅草原群落,而在过牧导致的退化过程中,后者流失了更多的土壤有机碳,其固碳潜力高于前两者.在区域尺度上,内蒙古典型草原土壤表层0～20 cm的固碳潜力在-0.03×10⁴～3.71×10⁴ kg C·a^-1范围内变化,总固碳潜力为12.1×10⁸kg C·a^-1.不确定性分析发现,忽略石砾含量不会造成土壤固碳潜力估算值的较大偏差,而气象数据空间插值造成的误差为±4.7×10⁹ kg C·a^-1.假设未来生长季降水的平均变化值为-3.2 mm·(10 a)^-1时,土壤固碳潜力将减少1.07×10⁸ kg C·(10 a)^-1.