外来木本植物入侵的生态预测与风险评价综述

外来植物引种导致的入侵已经成为当前生物多样性保育和引种工作面临的一个紧要研究课题。综述了木本植物入侵的生态预测和生态风险评价方面的国内外相关研究进展。首先介绍了目前国内外木本植物引种的概况,对木本植物入侵的生态预测基本原理做了较为详细的总结。目前比较被认可的生态预测途径主要包括编辑入侵植物名录利用入侵历史纪录预测、物种特征作为入侵的预测指标、繁殖体压力作为建群概率的决定性因素、环境匹配作为入侵潜力的预测工具及专家意见等,并对物种特征进行了归类和分析。物种特征指标主要包括物种的繁殖和快速生长性状指标、对入侵地区局部条件和干扰体系的适应性指标、生物地理分布指标等,并指出在生态预测中单独使用这些指标是不严谨的,而应当多途径互相结合验证。同时还简介了WRA等几个应用较为广泛的实用性植物入侵风险评价系统。分析了目前国内外在木本植物入侵的生态预测方面面临的一些困难,包括入侵机理的复杂性导致的预测难度增大和可信性下降,所用数据库标准的不统一和更新的困难等,指出在进行木本植物引种的生态预测和风险评价研究的同时,必须加强相关法律法规建设,重视入侵机理研究,完善相关的数据库。出于实际情况的限制,可以借鉴国际上实用性杂草风险分析和有害生物风险分析的方法,逐步建立我国的入侵风险评价系统,以满足目前对木本植物入侵的预测和风险评价的需求。     

城镇化进程中居民生活消费的生态环境压力评估—— 以江苏省江阴市为例

消费问题是区域生态环境压力增大和生态环境问题产生的根本原因。提出人口环境消费的概念和理论模型,并在生态足迹理论和方法的支撑下分别计算江苏省江阴市1997～2004年城镇居民和农村居民生活消费的环境压力;采用SPSS14.0软件,分析城镇和农村居民这两类人群人均环境消费的变化规律及其影响因素,并通过建立多元线性回归预测模型,估算在城镇化快速发展的情况下江阴市人口环境消费期望值。研究表明：江阴市城镇居民人均环境消费从1997年的1.395hm^2上升到2004年的1.960hm^2,年均递增0.081hm^2;农村居民则从1997年的1.345hm^2上升到2004年的1.465hm^2,年均递增0.017hm^2。城乡居民人均环境消费与人均可支配收入、人均受教育年限、恩格尔系数、人均地区生产总值等社会经济指标呈显著线性相关。预计到2010年城乡居民人均环境消费将分别达到2.258hm^2和1.919hm^2,到2020年将分别达到2.807hm^2和2.303hm2;2010年和2020年区域生态赤字将比2004年分别增长55%和107%,给区域生态环境造成巨大压力。为有效缓解区域环境压力,论文提出合理控制区域人口规模和城镇化发展速度,大力发展生态产业,培养可持续消费观念,引导绿色、健康和环境友好型的消费模式等对策措施。     

Fisheries management in practice: review of 13 commercially important fish stocks

This paper comparatively reviews several commercially important fish stocks, their state and their management in various regions of the world including Japanese anchovy, Bay of Biscay anchovy, North Sea sandeel, North Sea herring, Icelandic cod, Barents Sea cod, South African cape hakes, sockeye salmon, chinook salmon, southern bluefin tuna, Pacific halibut, Greenland halibut and Patagonian toothfish. The reviewed fish stocks are systemized in three categories: (1) stock properties and status; (2) management structure and objectives; and (3) management advice. We gather evidence to outline qualities of management regimes that are recommended and highlight those that most often fail. Robust management, biological limits (reference points), implementation and consensus are critical points that separate successful and unsuccessful management regimes. We evaluate each fish stock’s management performance relative to its management objectives and current conservation issues. Furthermore, we point out the importance of stakeholder involvement in fisheries management as well as the problems that international fisheries commissions face through examples from the case studies. Management successes tended to be single-nation and single-stock fisheries with capacity control and clear stakeholder involvement. Fisheries with fleet overcapacity, unclear objectives and illegal activity characterized the case studies with management problems.     

Persistent organic pollutants in Pakistan: Potential threat to ecological integrities in terms of genotoxicity and oxidative stress

As a consequence of both increasing population and industrialization in agro-economic sector, Pakistan has inevitably been confronted by multicomplex environmental challenges. Owing in part to poor regulatory framework, pollution due to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has caused serious problems throughout the country. Resultantly, extensive use of POPs is causing vigorous deterioration of environment and human health. The current study addresses: (1) the general information on associated ecological effects and toxicity assessment by meta-analysis for local fauna and flora (2) their respective occurrence in living organisms; and (3) sources and distribution patterns of various POPs classes in environmental compartments of Pakistan. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the environment of Pakistan is highly contaminated with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), which is further supported with the meta-analysis. Nevertheless, unavailability of environmental quality standards and food safety for POPs render it a forthcoming challenge of multicompartment toxicity exposure. Therefore, strategies must be planned for risk assessment of biologically active POPs, while the POP waste inventory should be elevated, along with the necessary measures to promote appropriate handling and treatment of POP as a matter of prime importance.     

Source-sink landscape theory and its ecological significance

Exploring the relatiouships between landscape pattern and ecological processes is the key topic of landscape ecology,for which,a large number of indices as well as landscape pattern analysis model were developed.However,one problem faced by landscape ecologists is that it is hard to link the landscape indices with a specific ecological process.Linking landscape pattern and ecological processes has become a challenge for landscape ecologists."Source" and "sink" are common concepts used in air pollution research,by which the movement direction and pattern of different pollutants in air can be clearly identified.In fact,for any ecological process,the research can be considered as a balance between the source and the sink in space.Thus,the concepts of "source" and "sink" could be implemented to the research of landscape pattern and ecological processes.In this paper,a theory of sourcesink landscape was proposed,which include:(1) In the research of landscape pattern and ecological process,all landscape types can be divided into two groups,"source"landscape and "sink" landscape."Source" landscape contributes positively to the ecological process,while "sink" landscape is unhelpful to the ecological process.(2) Both landscapes are recognized with regard to the specific ecological process."Source" landscape in a target ecological process may change into a "sink"landscape as in another ecological process.Therefore,the ecological process should be determined before "source"or "sink" landscape were defined.(3) The key point to distinguish "source" landscape from "sink" landscape is to quantify the effect of landscape on ecological process.The positive effect is made by "source" landscape,and the negative effect by "sink" landscape.(4) For the same ecological process,the contribution of "source" landscapes may vary,and it is the same to the "sink"landscapes.It is required to determine the weight of each landscape type on ecological processes.(5) The sourcesink principle can be applied to non-point source pollution control,biologic diversity protection,urban heat island effect mitigation,etc.However,the landscape evaluation models need to be calibrated respectively,because different ecological processes correspond with different source-sink landscapes and evaluation models for the different study areas.This theory is helpful to further study landscape pattern and ecological process,and offers a basis for new landscape index design.     

资源限制与发展停滞：传统社会的生态学分析

资源限制与发展停滞：传统社会的生态学分析王建革（复旦大学历史地理研究所,上海２００４３３）ＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓＬｉｍｉｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＳｌｏｗＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ：ＡｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＴｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌＳｏｃｉｅｔｙ．Ｗ...     

福建省多花黄精生态适宜性区划研究

通过研究多花黄精(Polygonatum cyrtonema)的生态适宜性,为其野生资源保护及人工规范化栽培提供依据。收集237份多花黄精分布位置和55个生态因子,导入最大熵(MaxEnt)模型运算,结合地理信息系统(GIS)分析其适合生长区域。结果表明,影响多花黄精生态适宜性的主要生态因子是3月降水量、年均降水量、6月降水量、5月降水量、4月降水量、2月降水量和最冷季降水量,在福建省具有广泛适宜生长区域。模型预测结果可靠,可为多花黄精野生资源保护提供参考,并为其科学种植提供指导。     

Integrative taxonomy recognized a new cryptic species within Stipa grandis from Loess Plateau of China

Stipa shanxiensis, a cryptic species within Stipa grandis that originated from central and western China, is described based on morphological, genomic, and ecological data from field and common garden experiments. Stipa shanxiensis morphologically resembles S. grandis, although phylogenetically it is closely related to the less morphologically similar Stipa baicalensis and Stipa krylovii. Of the eight significant morphological differences between S. shanxiensis and S. grandis, the two, cauline ligules longer than 2 cm with a filiform apex, and hairs shorter than 0.2 mm on the adaxial surface of the cauline uppermost leaves can be used to distinguish the species. Results from a common garden experiment verified that the two diagnostic characteristics were relatively stable and less morphologically plastic in response to environmental variation. Furthermore, a significant ecological divergence was found between S. shanxiensis and S. grandis, such that the former preferred warmer and more humid climates, and their predicted distribution was generally separated. Taken together, our results highlight that the integrative taxonomic approach was valuable for recognizing a new cryptic species in Stipa. In particular, we find that common garden experiments involving the effects of growth stage and characteristic position helped to morphologically diagnose cryptic species. These findings may also facilitate our understandings of ecological adaption and phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental change.     

Rapid and repeatable host plant shifts drive reproductive isolation following a recent human-mediated introduction of the apple maggot fly,Rhagoletis pomonella

Ecological speciation via host-shifting is often invoked as a mechanism for insect diversification, but the relative importance of this process is poorly understood. The shift of Rhagoletis pomonella in the 1850s from the native downy hawthorn, Crataegus mollis, to introduced apple, Malus pumila, is a classic example of sympatric host race formation, a hypothesized early stage of ecological speciation. The accidental human-mediated introduction of R. pomonella into the Pacific Northwest (PNW) in the late 1970s allows us to investigate how novel ecological opportunities may trigger divergent adaptation and host race formation on a rapid timescale. Since the introduction, the fly has spread in the PNW, where in addition to apple, it now infests native black hawthorn, Crataegus douglasii, and introduced ornamental hawthorn, Crataegus monogyna. We use this “natural experiment” to test for genetic differentiation among apple, black, and ornamental hawthorn flies co-occurring at three sympatric sites. We report evidence that populations of all three host-associations are genetically differentiated at the local level, indicating that partial reproductive isolation has evolved in this novel habitat. Our results suggest that conditions suitable for initiating host-associated divergence may be common in nature, allowing for the rapid evolution of new host races when ecological opportunity arises.