沈阳城区五种乔木树种的光合特性

采用LI-6400红外气体分析仪和多元逐步回归统计分析方法,研究了沈阳城市森林中主要乔木树种—银中杨、旱柳、白榆、刺槐和山桃不同季节光合速率的日变化与季节变化.结果表明:各树种的光合速率日变化曲线多为单峰型;季节变化趋势均为夏季>秋季>春季;影响光合速率的主要因子是光合有效辐射、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度.并建立了净光合速率与环境因子关系模型.     

不同施水量对云杉幼苗生长和生理生态特征的影响

在中国科学院成都生物研究所茂县生态站,参照云杉分布区的年降水量,设置4种水分处理梯度(分别模拟年降水量为350mm、700mm、1000mm和1350mm),研究云杉幼苗的生长和生理特征差异。经过4a的研究,结果表明,不同施水量显著影响了云杉幼苗的株高、基径、生物量积累(叶重、茎重和根重)、主根长度、第一级侧根数量、气体交换、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸以及丙二醛含量。700mm施水量的云杉幼苗的以上参数显著高于其他3个施水量(350mm、1000mm和1350mm)的幼苗。干旱胁迫下,云杉幼苗净光合速率和蒸腾速率显著降低,抑制了云杉幼苗生物量积累;过量施水则降低了云杉幼苗的根生长。云杉幼苗通过调节水分利用效率来适应不同的水分条件,当受到干旱胁迫时,通过提高水分利用效率来提供生长所需要的水分;然而当水分充足的时候,水分利用效率又降低。此外,水分不足和过量均导致针叶叶绿素含量降低,同时引起丙二醛含量的增加,表明云杉幼苗不适宜在土壤过于干旱和湿润的条件下生长。     

Survival, development and food energy partitioning of nase larvae and early juveniles at different temperatures

Survival was generally high, 94–100%, for newly hatched larvae of the nase Chondrostoma nasus held at 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25 and 28° C up to day 66 post-fertilization. The developmental rate decreased with age and increased with temperature. Specific growth rates increased with temperature; within one temperature range growth rate decreased with ontogenetic development. Food consumption and respiration increased with temperature and body size. A temperature increase from 25 to 28° C resulted in slightly reduced survival, minor acceleration of developmental growth and respiration rates, and impeded skeleton formation. Growth efficiency of consumed energy decreased throughout the larval period from 55 to 67% at the first larval stage (L1) to 36–48% at the first juvenile stage (J₁). A similar trend for assimilation efficiency and its utilization for growth was observed. The constant temperatures required by larval nase ranged from a minimum 8–10° C to a maximum 25–28° C. A shift of optimum temperatures, 8–12, 13–16, 15–18, 19 and 22° C for nase spawning, embryonic development, yolk feeding larvae, early externally feeding larvae and, late larvae and juveniles, respectively, paralleled the spring rise in the river water temperature. Larval and juvenile nase show high survival, growth and energy conversion efficiencies compared with other fish species. On the other hand, low survival rates and growth can be attributed to external perturbations; thus, young nase may be considered a good indicator of the environmental and ecological integrity of river systems.     

模拟土壤温度升高对湿草甸小叶章生长及生理特性的影响

采用改进的电缆加热升温方法,研究了土壤温度升高1 ℃～3 ℃对湿草甸小叶章生长及生理特性的影响.结果表明：土壤温度升高明显促进了小叶章植株的生长淹水处理条件下各指标的增长程度依次为:根系总吸收面积(60%)>叶面积(37.32%)>分蘖数(25.81%)>根系体积(24.67%)>株高(18.2%);非淹水处理条件下为:根系总吸收面积(37.47%)>根系体积(36.26%)>叶面积(32.9%)>分蘖数(32.77%)>株高(12.09%).淹水处理条件下小叶章各生理指标对温度升高的响应较为显著,升温淹水处理下小叶章的总叶绿素含量、根部可溶性蛋白含量均呈增加趋势(9.8%和23.88%),而叶片可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖及根部可溶性糖含量显著下降(24.67%、22.92%和35.23%).说明土温升高1 ℃～3 ℃能够显著促进湿草甸小叶章的生长,且其生理特性对土温升高的响应程度因水分条件而异.     

Environmental and hormonal regulation of seed dormancy and germination in Cape fynbos Leucospermum R.Br. (Proteaceae) species

The endogenous levels of abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (CKs) and gibberellins (GA₁/GA₃ combined) in Leucospermum glabrum embryos were monitored in axes and cotyledons separately during normal germination. Plant growth substance changes were correlated with known morphological, structural and ultrastructural events in the embryo of Proteaceae. The effect of exogenous application of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and GA₄₊₇ under three known dormancy-enforcing environmental conditions were studied in L. glabrum and L. cordifolium. The endogenous levels of the hormone classes GAs and CKs changed phasically during normal germination under a single alternating temperature regime. GA₁/GA₃ levels increased in cotyledons within 3 d of hydration while at the same time initial CK levels decreased. Following this transient peak GAs fell to a low level throughout the germinative period. Subsequently the CKs, Z and ZR, and to a lesser extent their dihydro-derivatives, appeared in both the axes and the cotyledons as fluctuating, transient peaks. Early increases in GAs are thought to control the induction of the germination process. The CK pattern suggests that CKs control at least three major processes of germination sensu stricto following induction: 1) early mobilization of protein and lipid reserves in the axis and later in cotyledons, 2) cotyledon expansion which causes the endotesta to split permitting radicle protrusion and 3) later, radicle growth.Our results indicate that dormancy in intact Leucospermum seeds is enforced by embryo anoxia, regulated by the impermeable exotesta. In addition synthesis of or tissue sensitizing to both hormone classes GAs and CKs depends on moderately low temperature as the primary environmental requirement. For GA synthesis a secondary, daily pulse of high temperature is required. Inhibitory hormones, specifically ABA, appear not to play a role.Abbreviations ABA Abscisic acid - BA 6-benzyladenine - CK Cytokinin - DHZ Dihydrozeatin - DHZR Dihydrozeatin riboside - GA Gibberellin - HPLC High performance liquid chromatography - iP Isopentenyladenine - IPA Isopentenyladenosine - PGS Plant growth substance - RIA Radioimmunoassay - Z Zeatin - ZR Zeatin riboside     

高浓度O3对树木生理生态的影响

目前全球范围内的O3污染日趋严重,特别是随着城市化的不断发展和大气O3浓度的不断升高,O3对植物的影响已越来越引起人们的关注.O3可以通过多种方式影响森林树木.结合近年来对城市森林主要树种与气候变化关系的研究和相关文献调查,综合报道和分析了国内外高浓度O3对森林树木生理生态影响研究的最新进展,具体包括高浓度O3对树木的可见伤害、树木的生长和形态结构、光合作用、物质代谢、抗氧化系统及其与其它生态因子(如温度、干旱、CO2等)复合作用对树木生理生态的影响.提出了一些目前研究中存在的主要问题和研究展望.这些报道为进一步开展高浓度O3对树木的生理生态学研究,特别是为全球气候变化背景下城市森林的可持续经营与管理以及树种选择提供科学参考和理论依据.     

模拟潮汐淹浸对红树植物老鼠簕种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

在温室内用自动控制装置模拟正规半日潮淹浸作用对老鼠簕种子发芽与幼苗生长的影响,设淹水0、3、6、9、12、15、18、21和24h·d-1共9个淹水时间梯度,人工海水盐度为2%,测定不同淹水时间下老鼠簕种子萌发、幼苗株高、叶面积、生物量以及幼苗叶脯氨酸含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、叶绿素含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等生理生化指标.结果表明,长时间淹水(≥15 h·d-1)会推迟老鼠簕种子萌发的时间,并使发芽率和成苗率降低,淹水＜15 h·d-1适宜老鼠簕种子的萌发.随着淹水时间的增长,脯氨酸含量、MDA含量和SOD活性均先下降后上升,叶绿素含量则逐渐降低.淹水≥3 h·d-1,幼苗生物量、单株叶面积、高生长和叶绿素含量与淹水时间均呈负相关.淹水0～3h·d-1,老鼠簕总叶绿素含量、根、茎、地上部分和总生物量积累均显著大于其他处理,淹水≥18 h·d-1,老鼠筋幼苗总生物量、叶面积、叶绿素含量显著降低,根冠比开始上升.在上述人工培养条件下,淹水0～3h·d-1是老鼠筋幼苗生长的最佳淹水时间,18h·d-1是老鼠簕幼苗生长的一个临界淹水时间,淹水≥18 h·d-1老鼠筋幼苗生长显著受到抑制.     

大米草(Spartina anglica)自然衰退种群对N、P添加的生态响应

通过对外来植物大米草(Spartina anglica)自然衰退种群进行N肥、P肥和N-P复合肥不同梯度水平的添加,分析大米草的生长指标差异及其生理生态响应。结果表明:N、P添加后使大米草种群株高均有不同程度的增加,肥效强弱依次为N肥、P肥、N-P肥;叶片数、主根数及总生物量均显著增加(p<0.05)。除N肥外,其它处理的叶片面积和厚度与对照没有显著差异。3种肥源的添加均显著提高了大米草自然衰退种群的光合速率(p<0.05);N和N-P肥均以高浓度效果最显著,但P肥却以中浓度效果最强;光合速率分别比对照增加19.08μmol·m-2·s-1、11.23μmol·m-2·s-1和15.47μmol·m-2·s-1;14d淡水淹没后,肥源添加使大米草自然衰退种群的SOD和POD酶活性增强;中浓度N和中浓度P添加使SOD活性增加最显著,分别比对照增加320.74unit·g-1和134.54unit·g-1;高浓度N和高浓度N-P肥添加使POD酶活性最显著增加。N肥添加可以显著改善大米草自然衰退种群生长生理特性,可以推断大米草种群的衰退与我国海岸带土壤营养中N素营养的限制有一定的相关性。     

Eco-physiological characterization of fluorescence in situ hybridization probe-targeted denitrifiers in activated sludge using culture-independent methods

AIMS: This study proposes the application of a culture-independent method [fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)] and a bioreactor operation control strategy to characterize environmental micro-organisms according to their survival strategies in a mixed suspension culture. Eco-physiological characteristics of two 16S rRNA probe-targeted denitrifiers (DEN581 and DEN124) were investigated against the availability of two resources. METHODS AND RESULTS: Four sequencing batch reactors were operated with manipulation of the sludge retention times to enforce limited and excess availability of two nutrients, namely acetate and nitrite, to the biomass. DEN581 FISH probe-targeted denitrifiers demonstrated dominance when the ratio of either acetate or nitrite to biomass was in excess, while DEN124-targeted organisms dominated when the above were limited. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated that microbial populations in mixed cultures can be selected by changing the substrate availability (Rs) to biomass (X) ratio. The manipulation of the specific resource availability (Rs/X) determined which one of the studied probe-targeted denitrifiers (DEN124 or DEN581) became dominant. Rs/X provides a basis to study the physiology of micro-organisms that cannot be isolated in pure culture from activated sludge. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The eco-physiological characterization of micro-organisms responsible for biological nutrient removal is anticipated to assist process designers and operators to optimize a specific biological process, such as denitrification.