心房颤动消融新技术述评及展望

阐述了近十余年心房颤动的消融技术尤其是生物医学工程辅助新技术比如三维电解剖、腔内超声、力量感知和导航技术等成为进步、发展的新热点。指出了临床需要就是新技术发展前进的动力,这些改进型、挖掘型和攻关型发明发现对生医工的未来具有重要教育和启发意义。     

Hemodynamics and right-ventricle functional characteristics of a swine carotid artery-jugular vein shunt model of pulmonary arterial hypertension: An 18-month experimental study

The continuous changes in pulmonary hemodynamic properties and right ventricular (RV) function in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) have not been fully characterized in large animal model of PAH induced by a carotid artery–jugular vein shunt. A minipig model of PAH was induced by a surgical anastomosis between the left common carotid artery and the left jugular vein. The model was validated by catheter examination and pathologic analyses, and the hemodynamic features and right-ventricle functional characteristics of the model were continuously observed by Doppler echocardiography. Of the 45 minipigs who received the surgery, 27 survived and were validated as models of PAH, reflected by mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥25 mmHg, and typical pathologic changes of pulmonary arterial remodeling and RV fibrosis. Non-invasive indices of pulmonary hemodynamics (pulmonary artery accelerating time and its ratio to RV ventricular ejection time) were temporarily increased, then reduced later, similar to changes in tricuspid annular displacement. The Tei index of the RV was elevated, indicating a progressive impairment in RV function. Surgical anastomosis between carotid artery and jugular vein in a minipig is effective to establish PAH, and non-invasive hemodynamic and right-ventricle functional indices measured by Doppler echocardiography may be used as early indicators of PAH.     

Murine Fetal Echocardiography

Transgenic mice displaying abnormalities in cardiac development and function represent a powerful tool for the understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying both normal cardiovascular function and the pathophysiological basis of human cardiovascular disease. Fetal and perinatal death is a common feature when studying genetic alterations affecting cardiac development ^1-3. In order to study the role of genetic or pharmacologic alterations in the early development of cardiac function, ultrasound imaging of the live fetus has become an important tool for early recognition of abnormalities and longitudinal follow-up. Noninvasive ultrasound imaging is an ideal method for detecting and studying congenital malformations and the impact on cardiac function prior to death ⁴. It allows early recognition of abnormalities in the living fetus and the progression of disease can be followed in utero with longitudinal studies ^5,6. Until recently, imaging of fetal mouse hearts frequently involved invasive methods. The fetus had to be sacrificed to perform magnetic resonance microscopy and electron microscopy or surgically delivered for transillumination microscopy. An application of high-frequency probes with conventional 2-D and pulsed-wave Doppler imaging has been shown to provide measurements of cardiac contraction and heart rates during embryonic development with databases of normal developmental changes now available ^6-10. M-mode imaging further provides important functional data, although, the proper imaging planes are often difficult to obtain. High-frequency ultrasound imaging of the fetus has improved 2-D resolution and can provide excellent information on the early development of cardiac structures ¹¹.     

实时三维超声心动图联合血清NT-proBNP、MR-proADM、sST2对心力衰竭患者诊断及预后的评估价值

摘要 目的：探讨实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）联合血清N末端脑钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）、肾上腺髓质素前体中段肽（MR-proADM）、可溶性人基质裂解素2（sST2）对心力衰竭（HF）患者诊断及预后的评估价值。方法：选择2020年3月至2022年10月阳光融和医院收治的112例HF患者（HF组）,另选择同期体检健康的50例志愿者（对照组）。所有受试者均接受RT-3DE检查,同时检测血清NT-proBNP、MR-proADM、sST2水平。对比两组RT-3DE参数和血清NT-proBNP、MR-proADM、sST2水平。HF患者出院后随访6个月,统计患者预后情况;根据预后将患者分为预后不良组（37例）和预后良好组（75例）。受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析RT-3DE参数联合血清NT-proBNP、MR-proADM、sST2诊断HF的临床价值及对预后不良的预测价值。结果：HF组左室收缩末期容积（LVESV）、左室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、左室舒张末期容积指数（LVEDVI）、收缩末期容积指数（LVESVI）、血清NT-proBNP、MR-proADM、sST2水平高于对照组（P＜0.05）,左室射血分数（LVEF）低于对照组（P＜0.05）。RT-3DE参数联合血清NT-proBNP、MR-proADM、sST2诊断HF的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.902,高于各指标单独诊断。预后不良组LVESV、LVEDV、LVEDVI、LVESVI、血清NT-proBNP、MR-proADM、sST2水平高于预后良好组（P＜0.05）,LVEF低于预后良好组（P＜0.05）。RT-3DE参数联合NT-proBNP、MR-proADM、sST2预测HF预后不良的AUC为0.937,高于各指标单独预测。结论：HF患者LVESV、LVEDV、LVEDVI、LVESVI、血清NT-proBNP、MR-proADM、sST2水平增高,LVEF降低,联合RT-3DE参数和血清NT-proBNP、MR-proADM、sST2可提高对HF诊断和预后预测的效能。     

对比增强经颅多谱勒超声对心房右向左分流患者的诊断价值的分析

目的:比较对比增强经颅多普勒超声与经胸壁超声心动图、经食管超声心动图对心房右→左分流患者的鉴别诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析2014年9月至2018年11月哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院经手术证实的41例心房右→左分流患者对比增强经颅多普勒超声及经胸壁超声心动图的检查所见及诊断结果,并回顾性分析其中29例患者对比增强经颅多普勒超声、经胸壁超声心动图及经食管超声心动图的检查所见及诊断结果。结果:在经手术证实的41例心房右→左分流患者中,对比增强经颅多普勒超声检查阳性结果 41例,阴性结果 0例,诊断准确性为100%;经胸壁超声心动图检查阳性结果 20例,阴性结果 21例,诊断准确性为48.8%。其中,同时进行对比增强经颅多普勒超声、经胸壁超声心动图及经食管超声心动图检查的29例患者中,经胸壁超声心动图阳性结果 12例,阴性结果 17例,诊断准确性为41.4%;经食管超声心动图检查阳性结果 24例,阴性结果 5例,诊断准确性为82.8%。结论:对比增强经颅多普勒超声可提高心房右→左分流的诊断准确率,其与经胸壁超声心动图及经食管超声心动图结合应用可提高心房右→左分流的鉴别诊断能力。     

产前超声在中孕期胎儿严重先天性心脏病筛查中的应用

目的:探究产前超声检查在中孕期胎儿严重先天性心脏病(CHD)筛查中的应用。方法:选择2012年1月至2014年1月在我院妇产科进行产前常规超声检查的孕妇12076例,年龄22-41岁,平均(28.6±8.3)岁,孕周20-36周,平均(25.2±6.7)周。将符合纳入排除标准的孕妇8953例作为研究对象,其中初产妇6023例,经产妇2930例。对纳入研究的孕妇行彩色多普勒超声检查,并对妊娠结局进行追踪,将确诊情况与筛查结果进行比较分析。结果:产前彩色多普勒超声诊断出胎儿CHD38例,经尸检或新生儿彩色多普勒超声检查均确诊为CHD,对胎儿期未筛查出CHD的孕妇进行新生儿彩色多普勒超声检查,确诊4例,产前超声检查胎儿CHD检出率为90.48%(38/42),检出准确率100%(38/38)。结论:彩色多普勒超声筛查孕中期胎儿CHD,灵敏度和特异性高,安全无创伤,操作简便快速,值得推广为产前筛查的首选方法。     

Continuation of vitamin K antagonists as acceptable anticoagulation regimen in patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation

Background

Recent studies have demonstrated that radiofrequency isolation of the pulmonary veins (PVI) is an effective treatment for symptomatic atrial fibrillation. Based on these positive results, non- pharmacological therapy has been incorporated in the guidelines for drug refractory atrial fibrillation, resulting in an increased popularity. The prevention of thromboembolic complications remains an important issue.

Methods

In January 2010, we adopted an anticoagulation strategy based on continuation of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) and selective use of transoesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). We retrospectively analysed the results of this strategy in all patients referred for PVI treatment. VKAs were started for all patients 2 months prior to treatment. Discontinuation of oral anticoagulation was considered 3 months after treatment based on thromboembolic and bleeding risk profile. Bleeding and thromboembolic complications were registered during outpatient clinic follow-up up until 3 months.

Results

We performed 151 PVI procedures from January 2010 to March 2011. All patients were seen 6 weeks after discharge. No transient ischaemic accidents or ischaemic cerebrovascular incidents occurred pre-, peri- or postprocedure. Four (2.7%) procedures were complicated by tamponade requiring pericardiocentesis.

Conclusions

Our data support the increasing evidence for continuation of periprocedural administration of VKAs complemented by a selective TEE approach as a safe therapy for thromboembolic complications.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者的心脏早期损伤

目的：评估尚无心血管症状的单纯阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）造成的心脏早期损害。方法：将随机纳入的92例OSA患者依照呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）分为轻、中、重三组（轻度25例,中度30例,中度36例）,另取正常健康者25例作为正常对照组,分析血清中脑钠肽N末端前体（NT-proBNP）、心脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白（h-FABP）及超声心动参数的变化状况来评估OSA患者的早期心脏损伤。随机选取中、重度30例（重度20例,中度10例） OSA患者予以持续正压通气（CPAP）治疗一个月,比较治疗前、后NT-proBNP、h-FABP及超声心动参数的变化。结果：与对照组比较,OSA各亚组患者的h-FABP和NT-proBNP水平均显著升高（P<0.01）,并与AHI呈正相关;OSA各组患者的Em/Am值和中、重度OSA组的E/A值均明显降低（P<0.01）;Em/Am值各组之间差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;与治疗前对比,CPAP治疗后患者血清中的h-FABP和NT-proBNP水平均显著降低（P<0.01）,Em/Am值和E/A值均明显增加（P<0.01）。结论：OSA患者早期心脏损伤以左室舒张功能损伤和心肌早期微损伤为主,CPAP治疗可显著改善OSA患者的早期心脏损伤。     

经食道超声心动图评估特发性房颤左心房左心耳的价值

目的:研究经食道超声心动图(TEE)评估特发性房颤左心房左心耳的临床价值。方法:选择自2015年1月到2016年8月在医院接受诊治的特发性房颤患者100例纳入本次研究,阵发性房颤92例,记为阵发性房颤组;持续性房颤8例,记为持续性房颤组。另选同期在医院进行健康体检的心功能正常志愿者90例作为对照组。利用TEE对受试者进行检查,对比房颤组与对照组的左心房及左心耳参数,是否含有自发性显影(LASEC)的房颤患者的左心房及左心耳参数,利用TEE分析对房颤患者的预后情况。结果:阵发性房颤组左心房的前后径和左右径,左心耳血流最大的排空速度(Lev)均明显小于对照组,左心耳的面积变化率及最大的充盈速度(Lfv)均明显大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。持续性房颤组左心房的前后径和左右径均明显大于对照组,左心耳的面积变化率、Lev及Lfv均明显小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。阵发性房颤组左心房的前后径和左右径均明显小于持续性房颤组,左心耳的面积变化率、Lev及Lfv均明显大于持续性房颤组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。有LASEC者左心房的前后径和左右径均明显大于无LASEC者,左心耳的面积变化率、Lev及Lfv均明显小于无LASEC者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。100例房颤患者中发现34例LASEC,占34.00%,其中有18例患者合并有左心耳血栓,占18.00%。总计有66例患者接受导管射频消融疗法,占66.00%,均未在术中及术后7d内出现血栓及栓塞并发症。结论:利用TEE对特发性房颤的患者左心房及左心耳进行评估,有利于更好的辅助患者的临床治疗,值得重视。     

心脏磁共振在不明原因脑卒中病因筛查中的应用

目的探讨心脏磁共振成像技术在不明原因缺血性脑卒中患者病因筛查中的应用价值。方法选取2014年9月~2015年2月在我院诊治的不明原因缺血性脑卒中患者53例为研究对象,均行心脏MRI和经胸超声心动图检查,并对检查出卵圆孔未闭(PFO)的患者进行分析。结果 53例不明原因缺血性脑卒中患者中,心脏MRI检查诊断合并PFO为27例(50.94%),经胸超声动图(TTE)检查诊断合并PFO为7例(13.21%),差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。结论心脏MRI对PFO的检出率较高,可作为不明原因缺血性脑卒中患者病因筛查的有效手段。