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991.
Abstract. 1. Although predatory insects often feed on diverse prey, their reproductive activity may be linked most strongly to a more restricted range of prey. The propensity of adult females of the ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L., to attack two natural prey species, pea aphids [ Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] and alfalfa weevil larvae [ Hypera postica (Gyllenhal)], was compared, and the degree to which ladybird egg production depends on consumption of aphids vs. weevils was assessed.
2. Coccinella septempunctata females more readily attacked aphids than weevil larvae. This was true regardless of whether females had fed previously on aphids or on weevil larvae.
3. When females were provided with few to many aphids daily, or few aphids plus an excess number of weevil larvae, their rates of egg production depended primarily on the number of aphids consumed.
4. Addition of weevil larvae to diets of limited numbers of aphids increased egg production, but only modestly. Thus, consumption of weevil larvae may have served mostly for self-maintenance, thereby enabling females to use for egg production more of the nutrients and energy obtained from limited consumption of aphids.
5. The females' linkage of egg production primarily to aphid rather than weevil consumption may be adaptive, as their offspring are much less able as larvae to survive and mature on a diet of weevils rather than aphids. 相似文献
2. Coccinella septempunctata females more readily attacked aphids than weevil larvae. This was true regardless of whether females had fed previously on aphids or on weevil larvae.
3. When females were provided with few to many aphids daily, or few aphids plus an excess number of weevil larvae, their rates of egg production depended primarily on the number of aphids consumed.
4. Addition of weevil larvae to diets of limited numbers of aphids increased egg production, but only modestly. Thus, consumption of weevil larvae may have served mostly for self-maintenance, thereby enabling females to use for egg production more of the nutrients and energy obtained from limited consumption of aphids.
5. The females' linkage of egg production primarily to aphid rather than weevil consumption may be adaptive, as their offspring are much less able as larvae to survive and mature on a diet of weevils rather than aphids. 相似文献
992.
ABSTRACT In order to find out the relationship between the leaf quality of R. obtusifolius and the ecology of G. viridula , a series of experiments was carried out. The effects of leaf age on rates of growth of instars of G. viridula showed that the leaf age was closely related to the development of the larvae of G. viridula . Also, the results showed quite clearly that the N concentration of R. obtusifolius leaves have significant effects on the growth rates of G. viridula larvae. It is suggested that C: N ratio of food plant plays an important role in the population dynamics of phytophagous insects. A small increase in leaf N concentration in a nutrient poor habitat will substantially increase the G. viridula population. 相似文献
993.
PCR protocols are increasingly used in laboratories worldwide for the diagnosis and confirmation of invasive meningococcal infection. Protocols are now available for the identification of Neisseria meningitidis, for genogrouping, susceptibility to antibiotics and genotyping of the corresponding isolates. The implementation of quality assurance (QA) schemes and standardization of protocols are required. Diagnostic and confirmatory PCRs should perform consistently in clinical and reference microbiology laboratories. General QA schemes address the issues of sample preparation, PCR laboratory environment, equipment and validation of protocols. Moreover, external QA interlaboratory studies are essential. The European Monitoring Group on Meningococci has provided a good forum to conduct such studies through the development and distribution of samples and protocols for nonculture detection and typing of N. meningitidis. 相似文献
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997.
Since litter input and availability of leaves in many streams is highly seasonal in Portugal, we investigated whether Sericostoma vittatum, a typical shredder, was able to grow using alternative food sources. To test this hypothesis we fed S. vittatum with Alnus glutinosa (alder, CPOM, coarse particulate organic matter), leaf powder from A. glutinosa and Acacia dealbata and FPOM (fine particulate organic matter) from a 5th and a >6th order river, the macrophyte Myriophyllum aquaticum and biofilm. Growth in S. vittatum was significantly influenced by the food item given (ANOVA, P = 0.0082). The food item promoting the highest growth was A. glutinosa, in the form of FPOM (6.48% day−1) and CPOM (4.24% day−1); all other forms of FPOM and biofilm provided relatively low growth rates (0.77–1.77% day−1). The macrophyte M. aquaticum was also used as food source by S. vittatum and promoted intermediate growth (1.96% day−1). Neither nitrogen, phosphorus nor caloric content was correlated with growth. However, since higher growth was achieved
with alder, in the form of CPOM and FPOM, we concluded that the chemical content of food was more important for S. vittatum than the physical form of such food. This may partially explain why shredders are able to survive when leaves are scarce
in streams.
Handling editor: K. Martens 相似文献
998.
Peeter Nõges Wouter Van de Bund Ana Cristina Cardoso Anna-Stiina Heiskanen 《Hydrobiologia》2007,584(1):373-379
In most cases the negative impacts of climate change to aquatic ecosystems cannot be mitigated by measures in the river basin
management. Ignoring climate change by the Water Framework Directive may have strong implications for the typology and quality
assessment systems used for water bodies. As a result of climate change, water bodies, especially those located near the type
boundaries may change their type. Compared to typology characteristics, water quality parameters are even more labile and
may be easily affected by climate change. The paper exemplifies that the anticipated deterioration of water quality within
the time frame relevant for WFD implementation may be large enough to endanger the fulfillment of the set water quality objectives.
The review of the river basin characterization every six years, as required by the WFD, might also include re-evaluation of
reference conditions according to the changes observed at pristine reference sites. As a consequence, the restoration targets
(i.e., the good ecological status) would also need to be evaluated periodically. 相似文献
999.
Female Cycnotrachelus roelofsi (Coleoptera: Attelabidae) construct two types of leaf roll, i.e., cut-off cradles (CCs) and suspended cradles (SCs), in which
to lay eggs; these cradles are generally constructed using older and younger leaves, respectively. We conducted two experiments
to determine whether the quality of cradle leaves affects egg and larval survival. In the first experiment, we severed all
SCs from a tree and placed them on the ground with unmanipulated CCs in the early breeding season. In the second experiment,
we resuspended all CCs in a tree with unmanipulated SCs in the late breeding season. We also compared leaf mass per area (LMA),
polyphenol content, and nitrogen content between the two cradle types to determine whether there were any differences in leaf
quality. Larval mortality, probably caused by cradle herbivory, was significantly greater in severed SCs than in intact CCs
in the early season, suggesting that leaf quality had a profound effect on larval mortality in the terrestrial microhabitat.
In contrast, larval mortality did not differ between resuspended CCs and intact SCs in the late season, suggesting that leaf
quality had little effect on larval mortality in the arboreal microhabitat. LMA was higher in CCs than in SCs, but there were
no differences in the nitrogen and polyphenol contents. These results suggest that cradles constructed using mature, tough
leaves were more effective against terrestrial cradle herbivores than those constructed using new, soft leaves. 相似文献
1000.
A.C.F.B. Ajorio V.P. Rhodes A.P. Rodrigues V.A. Diniz J.M.V. Mattoso I.B. da Silva D.M.M. D`Aiuto M.L.L. Brandão 《Letters in applied microbiology》2022,74(4):536-542
This study aimed to evaluate the performance of hydrogen peroxide vapour (HPV) to inactivate the chimpanzee adenovirus AZD1222 vaccine strain used in the production of recombinant COVID-19 vaccine for application in cleaning validation in pharmaceutical industries production areas. Two matrixes were tested: formulated recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (FCV) and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The samples were dried on stainless steel and exposed to HPV in an isolator. One biological indicator with population >106 Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores was used to validate the HPV decontamination cycle as standard. HPV exposure resulted in complete virus inactivation in FVC (≥5·03 log10) and API (≥6·40 log10), showing HPV efficacy for reducing chimpanzee adenovirus AZD1222 vaccine strain. However, the optimum concentration and contact time will vary depending on the type of application. Future decontamination studies scaling up the process to the recombinant COVID-19 vaccine manufacturing areas are necessary to evaluate if the HPV will have the same or better virucidal effectivity in each specific production area. In conclusion, HPV showed efficacy for reducing AZD1222 chimpanzee adenovirus strain and can be a good choice for pharmaceutical industries facilities disinfection during recombinant COVID-19 vaccine production. 相似文献