甘肃省民勤沙区土壤结皮理化性质研究

以甘肃民勤沙区为研究区域 ,分别采集了不同地貌部位和不同植被类型下的土壤结皮 ,并对其理化性质进行了初步分析。从结皮土壤的机械组成、土壤盐分、土壤养分、土壤阳离子交换量等方面来看 ,丘间地状况都明显要优于灌丛沙包。这可能与丘间地地形低洼 ,有利于土壤物质汇聚 ,以及其接受的大气降尘远较灌丛沙包为多有关。对于灌丛沙包来讲 ,白刺沙包在理化性质上 ,其状况要优于红柳结皮和梭梭结皮 ,这主要与其对环境的适应性及其所处的演替阶段有关。从目前的植被演替情况来看 ,白刺是当地的顶极种群 ,最适应环境 ,因此结皮发育状况也好 ;红柳目前已经处于极度退化进程中 ,而梭梭为人工植被 ,人工植被因在演替阶段中不起决定作用 ,故理化性质较差。另外从该研究工作还可以看出 ,对白刺植被采取围封措施之后 ,可以显著地促进结皮的生长发育 ,提高结皮中的有机质、全 N、全 P、速效 N等养分以及 Ca CO3含量。     

广州城市绿地系统景观异质性分析

选用景观多样性等7个指数对广州城市绿地景观异性质进行了分析.结果表明,广州绿地斑块密度和绿廓道密度分别为11.8和1.87km·km^-2,在老城区绿地具有斑块小,破碎度大,多样性高,以随机分布为主的高异质性空间结构;在新城区,绿地斑块大,以均匀分布为主,因此,在同等大小的区域内,这类绿地空间结构更能提高景观的异质性,更有效地发挥绿地的生态功能.     

“三生”空间视角下土地利用转型的生态环境效应及驱动力——以甘肃省为例

中国社会经济快速转型背景下土地利用变化所引发的环境问题被广泛关注。以土地利用现状遥感监测数据和统计资料为数据源,借助ArcGIS和SIMCA-P软件平台,基于"三生"空间视角,通过生态环境质量指数测度了1980—2018年甘肃省土地利用转型的生态环境效应,并运用偏最小二乘法揭示生态环境质量演变的驱动机制。研究发现:(1)"三生"空间结构演化和地域分异显著。生产、生活空间集中分布于河西走廊、陇中和陇东黄土高原并呈扩张态势;生态空间主要分布于陇南山地、甘南高原、祁连山地和河西走廊以北地带且整体呈缩减趋势;生产、生活空间的增长源于对生态空间的侵占。(2)生态环境质量改善和恶化趋势并存,整体上经历了先下降后上升的"U"形演化过程;空间上呈"东南高-西北低"的分布特征,空间格局演化具有明显的集聚性。(3)生态建设、科技进步等对生态环境改善具有明显的促进作用;而人口增加、社会消费水平提升在一定程度上加剧了生态环境压力;对外贸易对生态环境的影响具有双面性。     

渤海东部海域秋季底层游泳动物种类组成及群落多样性

根据2014年9月在渤海东部海域(37°40'—38°20'N、120°00'—121°20'E)进行的游泳动物底拖网调查数据,应用相对重要性指数、生物多样性指数、群落结构多元统计分析等方法对该海域游泳动物种类组成及群落多样性特征进行了分析。结果表明:调查海域共捕获游泳动物54种,以头足类枪乌贼(Loliolus spp.)为绝对优势种;游泳动物资源密度为28.82kg/h和5166尾/h。游泳动物种类Margalef丰富度指数(D)的变化范围为1.99—3.67,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')变化范围为0.89—2.28,Pielou均匀度指数(J')变化范围为0.29—0.69。群落结构多元统计分析表明,渤海东部海域游泳动物群落结构以60%的相似性可划分为3个组群:长岛群岛海域组群(A组群)、龙口海域组群(B组群)和蓬莱海域组群(C组群);ANOSIM分析表明,组群之间差异极显著,两两之间差异亦极显著。受增殖放流影响,C组群资源密度和种类多样性均保持较高的水平,而A、B组群人为活动频繁,过度捕捞严重,对海域生态环境和渔业资源整体结构的破坏较大。     

始鼠化石在甘肃省党河地区上渐新统的发现

<正>始鼠科(Ｅｏｍｙｉｄａｅ)是一类已绝灭的小型的鼠类,在古近纪和新近纪时广布全北区,以北美(中始新世—晚中新世)和欧洲(早渐新世—晚上新世)发现的化石较丰富。过去在亚洲发现的始鼠化石极少。亚洲的第一个始鼠化石是１９８２年才发现的(郑绍华等,１９８２)。２０世纪９０年代以来,在亚洲陆续发现了一些始鼠化石,表明从中始新世到上新世时在亚洲已有始鼠生存过(Ｗａｎｇ ａｎｄ Ｅｍｒｙ,１９９０;Ｑｉｕ,１９９４,１９９６;Ｔｏｍｉｄａａｎｄ Ｓｅｔｏｇｕｃｈｉ,１９９４;Ｅｍｒｙ ｅｔ     

Variation in the phenology of photosynthesis among eastern white pine provenances in response to warming

In higher‐latitude trees, temperature and photoperiod control the beginning and end of the photosynthetically active season. Elevated temperature (ET) has advanced spring warming and delayed autumn cooling while photoperiod remains unchanged. We assessed the effects of warming on the length of the photosynthetically active season of three provenances of Pinus strobus L. seedlings from different latitudes, and evaluated the accuracy of the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and the chlorophyll/carotenoid index (CCI) for tracking the predicted variation in spring and autumn phenology of photosynthesis among provenances. Seedlings from northern, local and southern P. strobus provenances were planted in a temperature‐free‐air‐controlled enhancement (T‐FACE) experiment and exposed to ET (+1.5/3°C; day/night). Over 18 months, we assessed photosynthetic phenology by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange, leaf spectral reflectance and pigment content. During autumn, all seedlings regardless of provenance followed the same sequence of phenological events with the initial downregulation of photosynthesis, followed by the modulation of non‐photochemical quenching and associated adjustments of zeaxanthin pool sizes. However, the timing of autumn downregulation differed between provenances, with delayed onset in the southern provenance (SP) and earlier onset in the northern relative to the local provenance, indicating that photoperiod at the provenance origin is a dominant factor controlling autumn phenology. Experimental warming further delayed the downregulation of photosynthesis during autumn in the SP. A provenance effect during spring was also observed but was generally not significant. The vegetation indices PRI and CCI were both effective at tracking the seasonal variations of energy partitioning in needles and the differences of carotenoid pigments indicative of the stress status of needles. These results demonstrate that PRI and CCI can be useful tools for monitoring conifer phenology and for the remote monitoring of the length of the photosynthetically active season of conifers in a changing climate.     

Refixation of xylem sap CO2 in Populus deltoides

Vascular plants have respiring tissues which are perfused by the transpiration stream, allowing solubilization of respiratory CO₂ in the xylem sap. The transpiration stream could provide a conduit for the internal delivery of respiratory CO₂ to leaves. Trees have large amounts of respiring tissues in the root systems and stems, and may have elevated levels of CO₂ in the xylem sap which could be delivered to and refixed by the leaves. Xylem sap from the shoots of three Populus deltoides trees had mean dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations (CO₂+H₂CO₃+HCO^?₃) ranging from 0. 5 to 0. 9 mM. When excised leaves were allowed to transpire 1 mM[¹⁴C]NaHCO₃, 99. 6% of the label was fixed in the light. Seventy-seven percent of the label was fixed in major veins and the remainder was fixed in the minor veins. Autoradiography confirmed that label was confined to the vasculature. In the dark, approximately 80% of the transpired label escaped the leaf, the remainder was fixed in the major veins, slightly elevating dark respiration measurements. This indicates that the vascular tissue in P. deltoides leaves is supplied with a carbon source distinct from the atmospheric source fixed by interveinal lamina. However, the contribution of CO₂ delivered to the leaves in the transpiration stream and fixed in the veins was only 0. 5% of atmospheric CO₂ uptake. In the light 90% of the label was found in sugar, starch and protein, a pattern similar to that found for atmospheric uptake of[¹⁴C]CO₂. Compared with leaves labelled in the light, leaves labelled in the dark had more label in organic acid, amino acid and protein and less label in sugar and starch. After a 5-s pulse the majority of the label fed to petioles in both the light and the dark was found in malate. The majority of the label was found in malate at 120 s in the dark; only 2% of the label was found in phosphorylated compounds at 120 s. The proportion of label found in phosphorylated compounds increased from 17% at 5 s to 80% at 120 s in the light. This suggests that CO₂ delivered to leaves in the light via the transpiration stream is fixed in the veins, a small portion through dark fixation into malate, the remainder by C-3 photosynthesis.     

中国首次发现恐象化石

记述了一件恐象类的下颌。经查证,该下颌产于甘肃临夏州东乡县班土村晚中新世柳树组底部的砂岩透镜体中。根据联合部斜向前下方和p3具下内尖等特征,该下颌被归入原恐象属Prodeinotherium。该下颌以p3相对于其他颊齿特别小、无真正下外脊而区别于该属已知各种。这是中国目前所知惟一一件恐象化石,故定名为中华原恐象P.sinense。恐象类在欧洲、南亚和非洲早一中中新世已广泛分布,至晚中新世已十分进步。中华原恐象一方面保留了某些早期恐象的性状,另一方面又具有一些自身特有的性状。这表明中华原恐象可能较早从恐象主干中分出,而后成为独立发展起来的一支。在中国或周边地区早-中中新世地层中应该还有恐象化石,等待我们去发现。     

甘肃白龙江流域提灯藓科植物研究

对采自甘肃白龙江流域的180余份提灯藓科植物标本进行了分类研究,共鉴定出该科植物4属22种,其中瘤柄匍灯藓、大叶毛灯藓、细枝毛灯藓、具丝毛灯藓为甘肃省新记录种。同时,依据标本编制了白龙江流域提灯藓科植物的分属、分种检索表,列出了各个种的生境和分布,并对其区系成份进行了分析。