黑河中游湿地景观破碎化过程及其驱动力分析

在遥感和GIS技术支持下,基于1975-2010年长时间序列遥感影像,选取斑块密度指数(PD)、景观内部生境面积指数(IA)、斑块平均面积指数(MPS)、斑块形状破碎化指数(FS1、FS2)等具有典型生态意义的景观指数模型,系统分析了黑河中游湿地景观的破碎化过程,并结合灰色关联分析、主成分分析等方法,探讨了影响研究区湿地景观破碎化过程的各驱动因子.结果表明:近35年来,研究区湿地景观破碎化主要表现为斑块平均面积的萎缩,斑块密度的上升以及斑块形状破碎化指数的增大.整个研究时段内,研究区湿地斑块平均面积减少了48.95hm2,斑块密度的上升0.006个/hm2;导致黑河中游湿地景观破碎化发生和发展的驱动力包含自然和人文两个方面.自然因子对湿地景观破碎化进程的影响则主要体现在气温和降水上,而且气温对湿地景观破碎化进程的影响程度明显大于降水.但在1975-2010年间的这一较小时间尺度上,人类活动对湿地景观破碎化的贡献率明显高于自然因子,人类活动能力的增强以及影响范围的不断扩大是引发黑河中游湿地景观破碎化的主因.     

标准化方法筛选参照点构建大型底栖动物生物完整性指数

依据浑太河流域340个样点的栖息地和水质评价结果,采用标准化方法筛选参照点与受损点,构建大型底栖动物生物完整性评估指数(Benthic Macroinvertebrate Index of Biological Integrity,B-IBI),开展河流健康生物评价研究。标准化方法共筛选出参照点和6个受损点构建B-IBI指数。B-IBI指数包括8个大型底栖动物核心生物指标,涵盖了分类单元、相对丰度、耐污特征、优势类群和功能摄食类群的生物指标。利用构建的完整性指数开展浑太河河流健康评价结果显示,所有样点中"极好"与"好"占24.8%,"一般"占27.8%,"差"与"极差"的占47.4%,表明浑太河健康状况整体上偏差。B-IBI指数分值在参照、测试和受损点间的箱线图分布表明验证结果较为可靠;同时与2009年5月太子河全流域70个样点采用专家经验法构建的大型底栖动物生物完整性指数进行了对比,结果表明两种方法的评价结果一致性较高,健康等级完全一致的占58%,健康等级只相差一个等级的占40.6%。B-IBI与环境要素的回归分析显示,B-IBI指数与栖息地具有较高的直线线性回归关系(R2=0.25,P<0.01),与电导、高锰酸盐指数和氨氮(R2=0.23—0.34,P<0.01)均具有极显著的曲线相关关系。3个水质指标与B-IBI指数的回归方程的拐点分别约为1000μs/cm,5ml/L和1.0mg/L,当3个水质指标低于拐点值时,B-IBI指数表现为显著的下降趋势,当高于拐点值时,B-IBI指数的下降趋势明显减弱。表明高锰酸盐指数和氨氮在从清洁水体下降为III类的过程中,对大型底栖动物生物完整性的影响最为强烈。利用标准化方法筛选参照点构建的大型底栖动物完整性指数及其核心参数具有较好的敏感性,能够指示随人为活动强度增加河流生态系统健康状况的下降,适用于浑太河流域开展河流健康评估研究。     

Substrate selection and seasonal variation in densities of invertebrates in stream pools of a tropical river

Spatial distribution and seasonal variation in densities of the invertebrates were investigated for a year in three stream pools of a South Indian river. The effects of season, substrate type and water depth on the distribution were analyzed. Substrate type and season influenced the invertebrate distribution the most. Leaf packs harboured most of the organisms followed by macro-algal substrate and sand. The lowest densities were observed on rocky substrates and in the water column. Rocky substrates in shallow water supported higher densities of total invertebrates than deeper areas. Chironomid larvae dominated all benthic substrates throughout the year. Of the 19 invertebrate taxa studied, 6 showed no seasonality in densities, and most of the rest showed their highest densities in the pre-monsoon period and lowest in the SW monsoon or post-monsoon periods. However, in two of the three pools, the densities of total invertebrates were highest during the post-monsoon period with secondary peaks in the pre-monsoon period.     

Small scale application and assessment of a Index of Biotic Integrity for a large boreal river

Modifications and use of Karr’s Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) for assessing the effects of anthropogenic impacts to aquatic ecosystems have typically occurred using data collected at the macro scale. However, some non-point sources of habitat degradation occur at small scales. One possible source of perturbation to fish habitat in boreal rivers is the application of rip rap shoreline armouring in human use areas. In this study we assess the use of IBI in a small scale setting and discuss the potential impact of rip rap shoreline armouring. We captured small and juvenile fishes weekly during 2002–2003 from 12 sample sites within the littoral zone of a human use area using a modified beach seine. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the data to examine the relationship between species composition and IBI scores. We also performed PCA on the IBI metrics to assess our modifications. The IBI method produced higher scores for armoured sites than for unarmoured sites. We found a strong rank order correlation (Spearman’s ρ > 0.93; p < 0.001) between the modified IBI scores and the first principal component, suggesting that Karr’s original empirically-based IBI is strongly linked to species composition. We found a high degree of redundancy between the metrics of the IBI that validate our modifications. These results suggest that IBI can be a suitable method for assessing non-point impacts from within a small study area. Our results also indicate that fish habitat from rip rap armoured sites within the test area had consistently higher IBI scores that unarmoured sites.     

珠江口南沙河涌浮游植物群落结构时空变化及其与环境因子的关系

随着城市生态健康理念的提出,城市河涌生态健康也受到了前所未有的关注。为更好的了解河涌的水环境和浮游植物现状,于2015年3月至2016年2月对珠江口南沙河涌8个站位水环境和浮游植物群落结构进行调查。结果显示:共发现浮游植物164种(属),隶属7门73属,其中以绿藻种类最多,达33属79种,占48.17%;硅藻次之,17属41种,占25%。优势种为梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、假鱼腥藻属(Pseudanabaena sp.)和小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)。浮游植物细胞密度在0.19×10~6—101.34×10~6个/L内变动,呈现单峰型,在4月发生拟菱形弓形藻(Schroederia nitzschioides)水华,14涌密度高达87.38×10~6个/L,随后因强降雨细胞密度骤降。浮游植物群落的季节演替基本符合PEG(Plankton Ecology Group)模型,从冬季的硅藻,到春夏季的绿藻,再到秋季的蓝藻。One-way ANOVA分析显示,各月份浮游植物细胞密度差异显著(P0.01)。Pearson相关性分析表明绿藻细胞丰度变化主导着浮游植物总丰度的变化(r=0.454,P0.01)。运用Margalef物种丰富度指数、Shannon物种多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数对水体进行评价表明,调查水体呈中度污染。相关加权营养状态指数表明,河涌全年处于富营养化状态。浮游植物聚类分析表明,时间异质性较高,总体相似性较低;空间上相似性较高,人为活动可能是导致空间差异的关键因子。冗余分析显示,叶绿素a、溶解氧、盐度、水温、总氮和p H与浮游植物群落结构关系最为密切。p H对硅藻门浮游植物影响较大,碱性条件适宜直链藻生长,春季水华形成的驱动因子是盐度、温度和总氮。     

岷江上游暗针叶林采伐迹地人工混交林群落结构

对四川岷江上游高山峡谷区暗针叶林采伐迹地年龄为２０－４０年的人工混交林群落结构进行了研究,结果是：（１）群落中各层次物种盖度的大小相互影响,相互制约,而林下（各）层次物种盖度的大小主要取决于其上（各）层盖度（或郁闭度）的大小,（２）人工重建的群落所能容纳的物种数及物种在群落中的分布状况主要取决于乔木物种郁工,海拔高度及经营强度。（３）群落中出现大量的耐荫植物,先锋灌丛植物已被抑制或淘汰,（４）乔木     

基于大型底栖动物群落的上海市河道水质生物学评价

2011年夏秋季,在上海市全境83个河道断面开展了河道底栖动物采样,共获取底栖动物20个分类单位（种）。9个极严重污染断面未采集到活体生物,生境基本丧失。其余74个有活体生物断面,采用三种常用生物指数：Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Hilsenhoff耐污指数、Goodnight修正指数分别进行计算及评价。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数判别为25个严重污染和49个重污染断面;Hilsenhoff耐污指数划分38个重污染、5个中污染和31个轻污染断面;Goodnight修正指数划分33个重污染、2个中污染和39个轻污染断面。与典型河道断面的水质理化指标监测值进行对照,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数对河道水质评价的准确度较低,Hilsenhoff生物指数和Goodnight修正指数的水质评价效率及准确度均较高,断面污染等级与水质理化指标基本对应。     

切尾拟鲿的个体生殖力

于2013年4～5月在长江上游岷江河口区域采集63尾性腺发育至Ⅳ期的切尾拟鲿(Pseudobagrus truncatus)雌性个体,所有样本均测量其体长(L)、体重(M)、净体重(W)和性腺重(Wa)等生物学指标。取耳石鉴定年龄,测量卵径,用重量法计数个体绝对生殖力(F),并对体长相对生殖力(FL)、体重相对生殖力(FW)进行计算,用5种数学模型及多元逐步回归方程拟合个体生殖力与生物学指标的关系。结果显示,调查样本由2+～5+龄组成,个体绝对生殖力(F)为566～6758粒,平均为3056粒;体长相对生殖力(FL)68～469粒/cm,平均为234粒/cm;体重相对生殖力(FW)为45～349粒/g,平均为145粒/g。个体绝对生殖力(F)和体长相对生殖力(FL)与体长(L)、体重(M)和成熟系数(GSI)均呈幂函数相关;而体重相对生殖力(FW)仅与成熟系数(GSI)呈幂函数相关,和其他形态指标的相关性不显著。多元逐步回归分析结果表明,长江上游切尾拟鲿个体绝对生殖力(F)与体重(M)和成熟系数(GSI)密切相关,相关式为:F=16370.714+3284.028 GSI+58.361M(n=63,R2=0.973,P0.01);体长相对生殖力(FL)与体重(M)、净体重(W)和成熟系数(GSI)密切相关,相关式为:FL=251.749+18.961 M+684.273 W+3 268.421 GSI(n=63,R2=0.852,P0.01);而体重相对生殖力(FW)仅与成熟系数(GSI)相关:FW=138.590+837.641 GSI(n=63,R2=0.539,P0.01)。依据卵径频数分布结果推测,切尾拟鲿属于一次性产卵鱼类。     

海河流域植物硫素含量特征的研究

本文研究了海流域各类植物硫元素含量特征及与土壤硫素的关系,结果表明：海河流域植物全硫量平均值为０．２３２％,为正常含量的下限值,与我国南,北方一些地区比较属中等水平,其中栽培植物略高于野生植物,植物硫含量范围差别悬殊,最大值可为最小值的２６倍,以沿大城市的水系和地区的植物含硫量高,海流域的土壤全硫含量平均值为０．０４３％（指耕地和天然植被的土壤）,为正常土壤含量的中上水平,植物硫元素含量与土壤硫含     

Effect of rainstorms on heterotrophic bacterial activity in a hypertrophic African lake

Hartbeespoort Dam is a hypertrophic man-made lake which is located in the Transvaal Province of South Africa. This region has recently experienced its most severe drought of the century. However, on three occasions in the summer rainy seasons of 1984 and 1985, major rainfalls (> 50 mm) occurred which caused large inflows to the lake. Inflowing river water entered as a density current causing marked silting of the water. Within the epilimnion (0–10 m) prior to these rainfalls there was usually no variation of bacterial numbers with depth, but heterotrophic bacterial activity (glucose uptake) decreased with depth concomitant with primary production. With the increased river inflow bacterial numbers did not increase but bacterial activity at the bottom of the epilimnion (10 m) increased to as high as 2.7 µg C l^–1 h^–1 in January 1985, reversing the depth profile of bacterial activity within the epilimnion. This resulted in decreased glucose concentrations (K_t + S_n) and turnover times. Heterotrophic activity per cell increased by between 2.5 and 5 times. These data demonstrate that storm events are important phenomena causing short-term changes in the metabolic activity of planktonic heterotrophic bacteria in lakes.