多杀霉素及其混配制剂对蜜蜂和赤眼蜂的安全性评价

为明确生物杀虫剂多杀霉素及其3种混剂对蜜蜂和赤眼蜂Trichogrammatid spp的毒性，采用摄入法、接触法和药膜法分别测定4种制剂对意大利工蜂Apis mellifera L成蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae成峰的毒性。结果表明：摄入法测定，25 g/L多杀霉素悬浮剂、4%阿维菌素·多杀霉素水乳剂、3%甲阿维·多杀霉素悬浮剂、6%甲阿维·多杀霉素水分散粒剂，对蜜蜂半致死浓度LC50(48 h)分别为593、145×10-1、304×10-1、466×10-1 aimg/L。25 g/L多杀霉素悬浮剂对蜜蜂摄入毒性为高毒，其余为剧毒；接触法测定，4种制剂半致死剂量LD50(48 h)分别为00887、0289、00046、00053 aiμg/蜂，对蜜蜂的接触毒性均为高毒；药膜法测定，4种制剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂成蜂的半致死浓度LC50(24 h)分别为012、0097、022、033 aimg/L，安全性评价结果表明，4种制剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂成蜂均为极高风险性。     

Stress resistance levels at the time of lifting affect post-planting performance of Quercus robur seedlings

The objective of this study was to describe the physiological condition of bare-root pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) seedlings at the time of lifting for cold storage or planting in 1996/1997 and 1997/1998. Dormancy intensity and other physiological measurements and field performance were assessed. Heat treatments were used to assess the taproot resistance to stress using root electrolyte leakage, but the results indicated that the plants were least resistant when mostdormant. Root electrolyte leakage and root growth potential were lowest during the deep dormancy stage and increased again as shoot dormancy was released, coinciding with the period that the plants were most resistant to storage stresses. Dry weight fraction of the shoots was a good indicator of storability, but the other measures were less useful. Despite good survival rates, shoot quality was poor for seedlings lifted early (October) or late (April, May) in the lifting season.     

The Presence of Aldehyde-Reacted Proteins in Normal and Multiple Sclerosis White Matter

The incorporation of tritium from NaB3H4 into the major protein components of myelin and the presence of weak fluorescence emission bands at wavelengths of approximately 440 and 500 nm from sodium dodecyl sulfate-solubilized, delipidated white matter are indicative of the presence of the products of aldehyde reactions with proteins. The incorporation of tritium from NaB3H4 into myelin proteins was confirmed by reaction with purified components of myelin basic protein or with lipophilin, a purified fraction of proteolipid protein. From the extent of tritium incorporation into the purified proteins, it is estimated that approximately 0.2 mol of tritium is incorporated/mol of myelin basic protein and approximately 0.4 mol of tritium/mol of proteolipid protein. There is approximately 50% greater incorporation of tritium into a more degraded, less positively charged form of the basic protein. The incorporation of tritium into normal and multiple sclerosis white matter was compared. There is a small but statistically significant difference in the percentage of the total counts incorporated into the major protein fractions for the two groups, with the multiple sclerosis samples showing a higher percentage of the counts in the Wolfgram protein and a lower percentage in the myelin basic protein compared with the normal samples.     

Hepatocyte classes during liver atrophy due to starvation in the golden hamster

Summary The total dry masses of normal hepatocytes isolated from adult golden hamsters form a multimodal frequency distribution curve (10–11 cell classes with a period of 132 pg). During starvation the hepatocytes maintain the arrangement in classes, the number of which, however, decreases. The cell percentage of the lightest classes progressively increases, but no change occurs in the class period. A similar behaviour is shown by the aqueo-insoluble dry masses of the hepatocytes. The nuclear dry masses increase until the 4th day of starvation. Later on, they decrease. The nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio progressively increases. The total number of hepatocytes per liver and the binuclear cell percentage do not show any significant changes during starvation. The mitotic index is lower in starved animals. The kinetics of decrement in dry mass of the hepatocytes during starvation and the possibility that the hepatocyte class series are the resultant of a dynamic balance of single hepatocyte mass are discussed.This work was supported by Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italia (Grant No. 70/01811/04).The author is deeply grateful to Prof. Enrico Puccinelli for his encouragement and advice during this work. The skilful technical assistance of Mrs. Lucia Giaccardo and Mr. Emilio Madrigali is gratefully acknowledged.     

Photo-oxidation of dissolved organic matter for trace metal analysis

Abstract

Photo-oxidation of dissolved organic matter in saline and non- saline samples is monitored by measurement of residual fluorescence intensity. For fulvic acids, the method has a detection limit of 0.005 mg C L^?1, and maximum photo-oxidation is achieved with H₂O₂ oxidant and a low-intensity UV source.     

Nitrogen mineralisation in soils of varying texture,moisture and organic matter

Summary Estimates of nitrogen availability based on the nitrogen mineralisation potential,N ₀, and the mineralisation rate constant,k, increased within the sequence, loamy sand, coarse sandy loam and loam, and were consistently higher in the high labile organic matter counterparts of the soils. There was a similar trend in the production of inorganic nitrogen at ambient temperatures. Under these conditions, an increase between mid-April and the end of May was followed by a trough in June and July and a second increase from early August to the end of September. Nitrogen production was generally higher where soil moisture was allowed to fluctuate widely in the available range, compared with a moisture regime near field capacity. Results of short-term incubations indicated that net mineralisation was minimal or negative in June and July.There was a significant relationship between values calculated fromN ₀ andk and those obtained near field capacity in the second period of mineralisation when soil temperature was relatively constant, but not in the first period when soil temperature was rising.The time required for mineralisation of 50% ofN ₀ indicated that less than half the potential value would become available in a normal temperature growing season.     

A Distinct Class of Antibodies May Be an Indicator of Gray Matter Autoimmunity in Early and Established Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients

We have previously identified a distinct class of antibodies expressed by B cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of early and established relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients that is not observed in healthy donors. These antibodies contain a unique pattern of mutations in six codons along V_H4 antibody genes that we termed the antibody gene signature (AGS). In fact, patients who have such B cells in their CSF are identified as either having RRMS or developing RRMS in the future. As mutations in antibody genes increase antibody affinity for particular antigens, the goal for this study was to investigate whether AGS⁺ antibodies bind to brain tissue antigens. Single B cells were isolated from the CSF of 10 patients with early or established RRMS. We chose 32 of these B cells that expressed antibodies enriched for the AGS for further study. We generated monoclonal full-length recombinant human antibodies (rhAbs) and used both immunological assays and immunohistochemistry to investigate the capacity of these AGS⁺ rhAbs to bind brain tissue antigens. AGS⁺ rhAbs did not recognize myelin tracts in the corpus callosum. Instead, AGS⁺ rhAbs recognized neuronal nuclei and/or astrocytes, which are prevalent in the cortical gray matter. This pattern was unique to the AGS⁺ antibodies from early and established RRMS patients, as AGS⁺ antibodies from an early neuromyelitis optica patient did not display the same reactivity. Prevalence of CSF-derived B cells expressing AGS⁺ antibodies that bind to these cell types may be an indicator of gray matter-directed autoimmunity in early and established RRMS patients.     

Crop rotational diversity enhances belowground communities and functions in an agroecosystem

Biodiversity loss, an important consequence of agricultural intensification, can lead to reductions in agroecosystem functions and services. Increasing crop diversity through rotation may alleviate these negative consequences by restoring positive aboveground–belowground interactions. Positive impacts of aboveground biodiversity on belowground communities and processes have primarily been observed in natural systems. Here, we test for the effects of increased diversity in an agroecosystem, where plant diversity is increased over time through crop rotation. As crop diversity increased from one to five species, distinct soil microbial communities were related to increases in soil aggregation, organic carbon, total nitrogen, microbial activity and decreases in the carbon‐to‐nitrogen acquiring enzyme activity ratio. This study indicates positive biodiversity–function relationships in agroecosystems, driven by interactions between rotational and microbial diversity. By increasing the quantity, quality and chemical diversity of residues, high diversity rotations can sustain soil biological communities, with positive effects on soil organic matter and soil fertility.     

免耕覆盖对不同质地土壤水分与作物产量的影响

采用空间位移法,将河北省吴桥县3种质地(砂土、砂质壤土、砂质粘壤土)的原状土转移到同一地点,研究了华北平原免耕覆盖下3种质地土壤的水分特征与作物产量。试验于2010—2013年开展,地点设在河北省吴桥县中国农业大学吴桥实验站。结果表明:相对传统翻耕,免耕覆盖可以增加土壤体积含水量,且在砂质壤土上的保水效果比其他2种土质更明显;砂质粘壤土免耕覆盖处理0~20 cm土层土壤体积含水量较传统翻耕处理低,不同于其他2种土壤;根据试验前2年结果,免耕覆盖并未显著提高作物的水分利用效率,小麦季趋势较为一致,砂土、砂质壤土和砂质粘壤土免耕覆盖的WUE比翻耕分别低13.95%、9.76%和8.61%;玉米季不同土质的趋势有差异,其中砂土免耕覆盖处理的WUE比翻耕低6.45%,而砂质粘壤土免耕覆盖处理的WUE比翻耕高4.89%,但差异均不显著;3种土质下,免耕覆盖相对传统翻耕没有表现出增产优势,小麦产量比传统翻耕分别降低7.09%、4.26%和0.39%,玉米产量分别减少9.81%、4.11%和10.19%。本试验条件下,免耕覆盖措施在3种土质均具有较好的保水效果,但短期内没有表现出增产趋势。