滇西北退化高寒草甸植物群落结构对刈割的响应

为探究滇西北不同退化级别高寒草甸植物群落结构对外界干扰的响应敏感性,以香格里拉市的典型高寒草甸为研究对象,于2018-2020年在三个退化梯度上（严重退化,S1;中度退化,S2;轻度退化,S3）开展控制刈割实验,进而分析草甸植物物种丰富度、群落组成相似性、群落复杂度和关键种的变化规律。结果表明：（1）刈割后,S1的物种丰富度显著增加（P<0.05）,S2和S3的物种丰富度未发生显著变化（P>0.05）;（2）相较于S2和S3,S1梯度的植物群落组成变化最大;（3） S1、S2和S3的植物群落复杂度在刈割后均呈先下降后增加的趋势,但S1的植物群落复杂度变化幅度高于S2和S3;（4）刈割导致各退化草甸植物群落的关键种发生了变化,2018、2019和2020年S1梯度的关键种在豆科（Leguminsae）和蔷薇科（Rosaceae）之间变化,S2梯度的关键种在禾本科（Gramineae）和菊科（Compositae）之间变化,S3梯度的关键种在蔷薇科（Rosaceae）、菊科（Compositae）和禾本科（Gramineae）之间转变。研究表明,滇西北高寒草甸植物物种丰富度、群落组成和群落复杂度对外界干扰响应的敏感性可能随退化加剧而上升,但群落关键种的响应过程较复杂。     

DeepMHADTA: Prediction of Drug-Target Binding Affinity Using Multi-Head Self-Attention and Convolutional Neural Network

Drug-target interactions provide insight into the drug-side effects and drug repositioning. However, wet-lab biochemical experiments are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and are insufficient to meet the pressing demand for drug research and development. With the rapid advancement of deep learning, computational methods are increasingly applied to screen drug-target interactions. Many methods consider this problem as a binary classification task (binding or not), but ignore the quantitative binding affinity. In this paper, we propose a new end-to-end deep learning method called DeepMHADTA, which uses the multi-head self-attention mechanism in a deep residual network to predict drug-target binding affinity. On two benchmark datasets, our method outperformed several current state-of-the-art methods in terms of multiple performance measures, including mean square error (MSE), consistency index (CI), rm2, and PR curve area (AUPR). The results demonstrated that our method achieved better performance in predicting the drug–target binding affinity.     

基于GIS的广州市中心城区城市森林可达性分析

城市森林是城市中主要的生态功能景观,已经成为城市生态环境建设的主体。基于居民方便获取城市森林服务的要求,根据大型城市森林斑块、道路网和街区单元数据,利用ArcGIS9.2的Network Analyst工具,分析了广州市中心城区在2km步行距离内街区单元到达城市森林斑块的可达性以及城市森林斑块的承载力,并结合航片解译的树冠覆盖数据对具有不同可达性的街区单元进行了分析。分析结果表明：广州中心城区的外环高速以内的区域范围,分别有73%、46%和18%的的街区单元在步行2km、1km和0.5km距离内能够到达大型城市森林绿地斑块。从街区单元的行政归属看,以越秀区的街区可达性最好,而海珠区和原芳村区的街区可达性较差。研究范围内,0.5km内不能到达大型城市森林斑块且树冠覆盖超过30%的街区类型中,以公共管理单位类型为主,单位绿化对于树冠覆盖的贡献率大;而绝大多数以住宅类型为主的街区单元的树冠覆盖率低于10%,其中64%的街区树冠覆盖率低于5%。以街区单元为基本对象进行可达性度量,分析城市森林斑块现状分布和服务状况,并结合其树冠覆盖特征,可以明确需要重点关注区域的空间分布,可为广州市在较小尺度上的城市森林空间布局优化提供参考。     

蓝藻伪空胞的特性及浮力调节机制

伪空胞为蓝藻在水体中提供浮力,使其获得适宜的生长条件,最终导致蓝藻水华暴发,了解伪空胞的特征对控制蓝藻水华暴发有重要意义。文章简要回顾了蓝藻伪空胞自1865年被Klebahn发现到1965年被正式命名的研究历程,目前已发现150多种原核生物中含有伪空胞;伪空胞是两末端呈圆锥状的中空圆柱体,伪空胞半径与临界压强遵循方程:Pc=275(r/nm)-1.67MPa;伪空胞气体含量可根据不同原理,利用Walsby伪空胞测定装置、压力浊度计和细胞流式仪测得。总结了伪空胞组成的化学特性,评述了伪空胞gvp基因丛结构功能和GvpA、GvpC的蛋白空间结构。GvpA是伪空胞合成的主要成分,gvpA在伪空胞内存在多个拷贝,其功能仍不清楚;GvpC由33个氨基酸重复单位组成,重复单位越多,伪空胞越不易破裂;概述了伪空胞3种浮力调节机制:镇重物的改变、伪空胞的合成、伪空胞的破裂;归纳了环境因子(光照、温度、氮、磷、钾)参与伪空胞浮力网络调控的途径。提出了目前伪空胞研究面临的困难和问题,对伪空胞的未来研究方向提出探索性的建议。     

Effect of steady-state response versus excitatory/inhibitory balance on spiking synchronization in neural networks with log-normal synaptic weight distribution

Synchronization of neural activity, especially at the gamma band, contributes to perceptual functions. In several psychiatric disorders, deficits of perceptual functions are reflected in synchronization abnormalities. Plausible cause of this impairment is an alteration in the balance between excitation and inhibition (E/I balance); a disruption in the E/I balance leads to abnormal neural interactions reminiscent of pathological states. Moreover, the local lateral excitatory-excitatory synaptic connections in the cortex exhibit excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) that follow a log-normal amplitude distribution. This long-tailed distribution is considered an important factor for the emergence of spatiotemporal neural activity. In this context, we hypothesized that manipulating the EPSP distribution under abnormal E/I balance conditions would provide insights into psychiatric disorders characterized by deficits in perceptual functions, potentially revealing the mechanisms underlying pathological neural behaviors. In this study, we evaluated the synchronization of neural activity with external periodic stimuli in spiking neural networks in cases of both E/I balance and imbalance with or without a long-tailed EPSP amplitude distribution. The results showed that external stimuli of a high frequency lead to a decrease in the degree of synchronization with an increasing ratio of excitatory to inhibitory neurons in the presence, but not in the absence, of high-amplitude EPSPs. This monotonic reduction can be interpreted as an autonomous, strong-EPSP-dependent spiking activity selectively interfering with the responses to external stimuli. This observation is consistent with pathological findings. Thus, our modeling approach has potential to improve the understanding of the steady-state response in both healthy and pathological states.     

Rhizosphere soil bacterial communities and nitrogen cycling affected by deciduous and evergreen tree species

Deciduous and evergreen trees differ in their responses to drought and nitrogen (N) demand. Whether or not these functional types affect the role of the bacterial community in the N cycle during drought remains uncertain. Two deciduous tree species (Alnus cremastogyne, an N₂‐fixing species, and Liquidambar formosana) and two evergreen trees (Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus massoniana) were used to assess factors in controlling rhizosphere soil bacterial community and N cycling functions. Photosynthetic rates and biomass production of plants, 16S rRNA sequencing and N‐cycling‐related genes of rhizosphere soil were measured. The relative abundance of the phyla Actinobacteria and Firmicutes was higher, and that of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Gemmatimondaetes was lower in rhizosphere soil of deciduous trees than that of evergreen. Beta‐diversity of bacterial community also significantly differed between the two types of trees. Deciduous trees showed significantly higher net photosynthetic rates and biomass production than evergreen species both at well water condition and short‐term drought. Root biomass was the most important factor in driving soil bacterial community and N‐cycling functions than total biomass and aboveground biomass. Furthermore, 44 bacteria genera with a decreasing response and 46 taxa showed an increased response along the root biomass gradient. Regarding N‐cycle‐related functional genes, copy numbers of ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and autotrophic ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA), N₂ fixation gene (nifH), and denitrification genes (nirK, nirS) were significantly higher in the soil of deciduous trees than in that of the evergreen. Structural equation models explained 50.2%, 47.6%, 48.6%, 49.4%, and 37.3% of the variability in copy numbers of nifH, AOB, AOA, nirK, and nirS, respectively, and revealed that root biomass had significant positive effects on copy numbers of all N‐cycle functional genes. In conclusion, root biomass played key roles in affecting bacterial community structure and soil N cycling. Our findings have important implications for our understanding of plants control over bacterial community and N‐cycling function in artificial forest ecosystems.     

植物中参与活性氧调控的基因网络

植物体内活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）是氧化还原反应的必然副产物,具极高的活性和毒性,从而对细胞产生毒害。同时,活性氧作为信号分子对很多生理过程诸如植物生长发育、细胞程序化死亡及生物和非生物胁迫应答起调控作用。植物中ROS双重作用的协调机制目前尚不明确,确定的是细胞中ROS维持于稳定水平需要精细的调节。拟南芥中至少包括152个基因组成的网络参与ROS的调控,该网络具高度的灵活性和互补性。本文综述了ROS网络中鉴定的一些关键基因及细胞学定位和协同作用,ROS信号转导,尤其是叶绿体中ROS信号的调控。     

北京东灵山土壤动物-植物互作关系对海拔格局的响应

土壤动物可能会与植物形成复杂的互作网络,有关其对海拔梯度做出响应的研究还相对较少,了解不同生境下的生态网络为理解和预测系统的稳定性及其动态变化机制提供了新途径。于北京东灵山地区调查了沿海拔梯度凋落物层与土壤层中的土壤动物以及木本和草本植物的多样性,并通过零模型的方法对比了土壤动物-植物互作网络特征参数的标准化效应值在高-中-低三个海拔段的差异。结果显示：土壤动物的稀有类群在中海拔段多样性较高,木本植物多样性随海拔降低,而草本植物多样性则随海拔升高。各生物类群组成都随海拔距离而增加,存在明显的聚集性分布格局。植物与土壤动物之间的互作网络特征参数不仅随海拔改变,且在凋落物与土壤层之间、木本与草本植物之间存在差异。总体而言,土壤动物与木本植物互作网络的海拔变化主要与土壤动物多样性有关,而与草本的互作网络则与草本植物多样性有关。沿海拔梯度,存在土壤动物-木本植物向土壤动物-草本植物网络的适应性转变。本研究在同一海拔梯度上探讨了不同层土壤动物与植物的互作关系,对深入理解山地生态系统中各生物类群的共存机制具有重要意义。     

不同水分处理下双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌对疏叶骆驼刺生长及氮素转移的影响

以疏叶骆驼刺为研究对象,设定3个水分梯度正常水分(土壤相对含水量(70±5)%)、干旱胁迫(土壤相对含水量(20±5)%)和复水处理(干旱胁迫60天后恢复至正常水分)与四组接种处理(单接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)、单接种根瘤菌、双接种AMF+根瘤菌和不接种),分析不同水分条件下双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌对疏叶骆驼刺的生长以及供、受体疏叶骆驼刺之间氮素转移的影响。结果表明,正常水分处理时,双接种疏叶骆驼刺的AMF侵染率、地上生物量、地下生物量、总生物量以及氮含量均要高于单接种处理;根瘤数量、最大荧光(Fm)、初始荧光(Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)与单接种处理之间无差异;在遭遇干旱胁迫时,双接种疏叶骆驼刺的AMF侵染率、总生物量、Fv/Fm均小于单接种处理;地上生物量、地下生物量、根瘤数、Fm、Fo以及氮含量与单接种之间无差异。复水后,双接种疏叶骆驼刺的地上生物量、地下生物量、总生物量、根瘤数均优于单接种;AMF侵染率、氮含量低于单接种;Fm、Fo、Fv/Fm均与单接种之间无差异。在氮素转移方面,正常水分时,双接种与单接种的氮素转移率无差异,在遭遇干旱胁迫时,双接种疏叶骆驼刺的氮素转...