中国植物园五十年

概述了中国 14 0多个植物园过去 5 0年发展的历史过程、分布和特征 ,以及植物园在研究、保护、展示和利用生物多样性等方面的功能。评述了中国植物园早期在经济作物烟草、药用植物薯蓣和野生果树资源研究中对社会和经济发展的贡献 ,以及近年来在种子科学、物种保护、经济植物引种驯化和育种等方面的理论和应用研究成果。介绍了中国植物园活植物收集的现状。其中木兰科、姜科、苏铁类、药用植物、猕猴桃属和杜鹃属等收集圃的建设已属世界领先。介绍了植物园科普和旅游的发展和中国植物园特有的盆景艺术园和硅化木收集园     

建设资源节约型和环境友好型广东的思考

资源消费量急剧增加,环境压力越来越大,是我国经济社会进一步发展亟待解决的问题。从国家建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会的基本要求出发,结合广东省省情,论述了加快建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会,发展循环经济和促进经济增长方式根本性转变的重要性,认为这是实现广东省经济和社会持续发展,率先基本实现社会主义现代化的必由之路;提出了普及生态科学知识,共同营造生态文明的未来,是建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会的基础。     

Cyclic AMP-dependent memory mutants are defective in the food choice behavior of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila</Emphasis>

Acute choice behavior in ingesting two different concentrations of sucrose in Drosophila is presumed to include learning and memory. Effects on this behavior were examined for four mutations that block associative learning (dunce, rutabaga, amnesiac, and radish). Three of these mutations cause cyclic AMP signaling defects and significantly reduced taste discrimination. The exception was radish, which affects neither. Electrophysiological recordings confirmed that the sensitivity of taste receptors is almost indistinguishable in all flies, whether wild type or mutant. These results suggest that food choice behavior in Drosophila involves central nervous learning and memory operating via cyclic AMP signaling pathways.     

尼可霉素(Nikkomycins)多组分结构及其生物合成相关基因的研究进展

尼可霉素是一种新的抗真菌抗生素,在分离到的20多种活性单组分中,X、Z、I、J为主要生物活性组分。本文介绍了尼可霉素的结构,结构与活性的关系及其生物合成途径中有关基因的研究进展。     

碳源和氮源对彩绒革盖菌Coriolus versicolor木质纤维素酶和木质素酶分泌的影响

研究了彩绒草盖菌在不同碳源和氮源培养基中生长时,对纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、木质素酶（漆酶、多酚氧化酶、愈创木酚氧化酶）分泌的影响。结果表明不同碳源和氮源对酶类的分泌影响很大,富含淀粉的物质能明显促进木质素酶的分泌,而专一性底物（纤维素和半纤维素）对纤维素酶和半纤维素酶有诱导作用,麸皮也能诱导半纤维素酶的产生。     

温度和食物对稻虱缨小蜂发育、存活和繁殖的影响

在白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera(Hovàrth))卵内,稻虱缨小蜂(Anagrus nilparvatae Pang et Wang)的发育起点温度为10.6℃,有效积温为162.3日度,随着温度上升,发育加快;寿命(y_1,D_(10.4)~0C)、产卵量(y_2,粒/♀)、产出卵率则在适宜温度范围(23—26℃)内最大,高低温区内均呈下降趋势,其方程分别为:y_1=exp(-0.04187+0.3612x-7.4654×10~(-3)x~2),y_2=exp(-1.9539+0.4563x-0.01001x~2),式中x为温度。温度对未产出卵量影响不显著;对子代雌性比的影响也不显著,其平均值为0.7631。温度主要通过对产卵量和产卵速率来影响繁殖力,理论上27.3℃时周限增长率λ最大,达1.2374倍/天。成虫期供蜜加水时的产卵量、产出卵率和寿命显著比仅供水时的高或长。此研究为预测害虫种群发展,充分利用天敌资源,达到综合管理害虫提供了科学依据。     

环境胁迫和抗坏血酸的氧化还原状态

为了解环境胁迫对植物体中抗坏血酸含量及氧化还原状态的影响,以不同强度的冰冻和干旱两种胁迫为例,研究了它们对沈阳几种针叶树离体叶抗坏血酸、脱氢抗坏血酸含量以及抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环中4种酶活性的影响.结果表明,两种胁迫达到一定强度后,都能使还原态抗坏血酸含量下降而使脱氢抗坏血酸含量上升.冰冻使抗坏血酸过氧化酶和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶活性下降.轻度失水使这两种酶活性上升,失水加重后转而趋于下降.脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性对两种胁迫反应均不如前两种酶敏感.结合以前的研究结果,认为这一H2O2清除系统在导致驯化(acclimation)的轻度胁迫作用下可以得到加强,而当胁迫强度过大时则其清除能力下降并使组织受到伤害.文中还报告了沈阳几种针叶树抗寒性和针叶中抗坏血酸含量及上述4种酶活性之间的相关关系.     

Custom distinctions in the interaction of G-protein beta subunits with N-type (CaV2.2) versus P/Q-type (CaV2.1) calcium channels

Inhibition of N- (Cav2.2) and P/Q-type (Cav2.1) calcium channels by G-proteins contribute importantly to presynaptic inhibition as well as to the effects of opiates and cannabinoids. Accordingly, elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying G-protein inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels has been a major research focus. So far, inhibition is thought to result from the interaction of multiple proposed sites with the Gbetagamma complex (Gbetagamma). Far less is known about the important interaction sites on Gbetagamma itself. Here, we developed a novel electrophysiological paradigm, "compound-state willing-reluctant analysis," to describe Gbetagamma interaction with N- and P/Q-type channels, and to provide a sensitive and efficient screen for changes in modulatory behavior over a broad range of potentials. The analysis confirmed that the apparent (un)binding kinetics of Gbetagamma with N-type are twofold slower than with P/Q-type at the voltage extremes, and emphasized that the kinetic discrepancy increases up to ten-fold in the mid-voltage range. To further investigate apparent differences in modulatory behavior, we screened both channels for the effects of single point alanine mutations within four regions of Gbeta1, at residues known to interact with Galpha. These residues might thereby be expected to interact with channel effectors. Of eight mutations studied, six affected G-protein modulation of both N- and P/Q-type channels to varying degrees, and one had no appreciable effect on either channel. The remaining mutation was remarkable for selective attenuation of effects on P/Q-, but not N-type channels. Surprisingly, this mutation decreased the (un)binding rates without affecting its overall affinity. The latter mutation suggests that the binding surface on Gbetagamma for N- and P/Q-type channels are different. Also, the manner in which this last mutation affected P/Q-type channels suggests that some residues may be important for "steering" or guiding the protein into the binding pocket, whereas others are important for simply binding to the channel.     

On the effects of Dikonirt (sodium salt of 2.4-Dichlorophenoxi-acetic acid) on the mortality and reproduction of Daphnia magna

The effects of sodium salt of 2.4-Dichlorophenoxi-acetic acid (2.4-D-Na) on the mortality and reproduction ofDaphnia magna have been tested.The mortality tests were performed in experiments with duration time of 24, 48 and 96 h at the temperatures of 15 and 20 °C. The toxic effect increased by 11–16 regarding 47% with increasing of temperature and exposure time.This herbicide (Dikonirt) affected adversely the reproduction of daphnids at concentration lower than tenth of LC₅₀ value.     

Yellow band and dark spot syndromes in Caribbean corals: distribution,rate of spread,cytology, and effects on abundance and division rate of zooxanthellae

Yellow band and dark spot syndromes have been frequently observed to affect coral species throughout the Caribbean within the last 10 years. These syndromes significantly impair at least three important reef-building species. Yellow band (also known as yellow blotch) appears as rings or blotches on Montastrea annularis throughout the Caribbean. The coral tissue necrosis occurs at a rate of approximately 0.6 cm/month. Transect measurements at various locations indicated that as many as 90% of M. annularis were affected by yellow band during 1997–98. Tissue samples reveal a 41–96.9% decrease in zooxanthellae/sample compared to healthy specimens, depending on distance from healthy tissue. Mitotic indices (MI) of zooxanthellae (symbiotic algae appearing as doublets) for M. annularis are 2.5%. MI in yellow band samples directly bordering healthy tissue are less than 0.9%, and zooxanthellae directly within the band bordering exposed skeleton had a mitotic index of 0.0%. This indicates impairment of zooxanthellae cell division in yellow band specimens. Zooxanthellae are not expelled and appear vacuolated and devoid of organelles. Dark spot, characterized by tissue necrosis as well as a depression of the colony surface, affects Stephanocoenia michelinii and Siderastrea siderea throughout the Caribbean. Transects showed that as many as 56% of S. michelinii and S. siderea showed signs of dark spot during 1997–98. Affected tissues of S. siderea died at a rate of 4.0 cm/month. In dark spot samples from S. siderea, the total number of zooxanthellae was 56% of that in healthy tissue; dark spot-affected specimens of S. michelinii showed a 14% decrease in the number of zooxanthellae compared to healthy tissue samples. Mitotic indices of zooxanthellae from healthy specimens of S. sidereawere 1.20% compared to 0.40% in dark spot samples. Mitotic indices of healthy S. michelinii were 1.54% compared to 0.23% in dark spot samples, also indicating a decrease in algal cell division. Zooxanthellae from dark spot tissue are swollen and darker in pigment. Due to the changes that are evident in the symbiotic algae, we suggest that both syndromes act primarily on the zooxanthellae symbiont, and secondarily on the cnidarian host.