阿必鲁肽：一种超长效Ⅱ型糖尿病治疗新药

阿必鲁肽(Albiglutide)为新型GLP-1受体激动剂,可通过与胰岛β细胞表面的GLP-1受体结合,激活由细胞膜偶联G蛋白调控的胞内信号传导系统,修复及促进胰岛β细胞功能,增加胰岛素的分泌,从而降低血糖浓度及糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)水平,是治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的理想药物。目前开发的各种长效GLP-1受体激动剂成为近二十年糖尿病药物的研究热点。本文对一种极具市场潜力的新型GLP-1受体激动剂阿必鲁肽(Albiglutide)的分子结构、作用机制、剂量研究、药代动力学、药效学以及副作用等临床试验研究进展进行综述。     

Accuracy and selection success in yield trial analyses

Summary Yield trials serve research purposes of estimation and selection. Order statistics are used here to quantify the successes or problems to be expected in selection tasks commonly encountered in breeding and agronomy. Greater accuracy of yield estimates implies greater selection success. A New York soybean yield trial serves as a specific example. The Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) statistical model is used to increase the accuracy of these soybean yield estimates, thereby increasing the probability of successfully selecting, on the basis of the empirical yield data, that genotype which has the maximum true mean. The statistical strategy for increasing accuracy is extremely cost effective relative to the alternative strategy of increasing the number of replications. Better selections increase the speed and effectiveness of breeding programs, and increase the reliability of variety recommendations. Selection tasks are frequently more difficult than may be suspected.This research was supported by the Rhizobotany Project of the USDA-ARS     

Applicazione del monitoraggio aerobiologico dei pollini allergenici alla programmazione dei lavori clinici in allergologia respiratoria

Riassunto Una buona correlazione tra conta dei pollini allergenici in atmosfera e sintomi clinici nei pazienti con pollinosi è stata trovata in diversi studi. Per valutare se un nuovo trattamento iposensibilizzante specifico o se un nuovo farmaco antiallergico producono effetti migliori del placebo, è importante applicare molti test in vivo ed in vitro e verificare se questi parametri presentano variazioni nel corso della terapia in favore del nuovo trattamento. La quantificazione dei sintomi è influenzata dalla concentrazione pollinica atmosferica e dalla terapia. Fino ad ora le correlazioni tra i sintomi dei pazienti e le conte polliniche sono state valutate generalmente mediante l'uso di coefficienti di correlazione o con metodi grafici. Questi approcci appaiono inadeguati allorchè vengono comparati i risultati di due o più anni di studio o allorchè i pazienti vivono in aree con diverse conte polliniche. In questo lavoro vengono suggerite due possibili valutazioni quantitative: la regressione normalizzante e l'intervallo di conta pollinica. Entrambi i metodi sembrano fomire una migliore conoscenza dell'efficacia del trattamento, immunologico o farmacologico, nei lavori clinici su pazienti pollinotici.

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Summary The importance of recording daily pollen count in obtaining the clinical history of allergic patients and in the evaluation of the treatment of respiratory allergic diseases has been emphasized. A good correlation between the patient's symptoms and the pollen count has been found in a number of studies. To prove whether a new hyposensitization or drug treatment is better than placebo or another therapy it is important to apply many in vivo and in vitro tests and to verify if these parameters show a change during therapy in favour of the new treatment. The daily symptom score is influenced by the amount of pollen in the air and by the antiallergic medication. To get reliable daily symptom scores, daily medication should be recorded in a standardized manner. Relationship between symptom scores recorded by patients, and pollen counts have either been tested by calculating a correlation coefficient or examined by graphical methods. These approaches are inadeguate if results from 2 years of a trial are to be directly compared, particularly when patients are living in areas with different pollen counts. This paper suggests two possible quantitative approaches to relate daily pollen counts to patients' symptom scores: the normalised regression method and the pollen interval method. Both the methods, when applied to symptom or medication scores in trials of hyposensitization in hay fever, provide a better understanding of the effectiveness of the treatments involved.

     

Effect of harvest method and timing on yield and regeneration of Karengo (Porphyra spp.) (Bangiales,Rhodophyta) in New Zealand

Commercial interest in harvesting wild stocks ofPorphyra and concern for this prized resource by the Maori community highlighted the need to investigate the impact of harvest method and timing onPorphyra beds. Harvesting trials were carried out at two locations near Kaikoura (South Island) and one in Wellington (southern North Island) between June 1987 and September 1987. At each of five sampling sites, ten replicate sets of four quadrats were used to test the effects of harvest method and timing on yield and regeneration. The method of harvest had a major effect on the extent of regeneration: in quadrats in which thePorphyra had been cut with basal portions left intact there were harvestable plants within two months, whereas in quadrats which were cleared of allPorphyra there was very little growth after the same period. Harvests in the latter half of thePorphyra growing season gave greater yields at all sites except Wellington. Several species ofPorphyra were found to exist at the Kaikoura sampling sites and a single, different, species at the Wellington site. There were site to site differences in the yields.     

幽门螺杆菌疫苗诱导的免疫保护反应及临床试验研究进展

幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)是一种微需氧、寄生于胃黏膜表面的革兰阴性致病菌,可导致各种不同的疾病,如慢性活动性胃炎、胃和十二指肠溃疡,甚至包括胃黏膜相关淋巴样组织(mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue,MALT)淋巴瘤和胃腺癌等恶性疾病。目前根除Hp主要依靠包括2种抗生素、铋剂和质子泵抑制剂(proton pumpinhibitors,PPI)在内的四联疗法。随着Hp耐药性的增强,研发Hp疫苗成为防治Hp感染的新途径。Hp疫苗能够诱导机体产生抗原特异性血清IgG和黏膜sIgA体液免疫反应以及抗原特异性CD4+T细胞免疫反应等的有效免疫保护反应。     

Inactivation of Salmonella Senftenberg strain W 775 during composting of biowastes and garden wastes

AIMS: Determination of the minimum requirements (time-temperature relationship and moisture content) that are needed for a sufficient eradication of an indicator organism. METHODS AND RESULTS: To determine the hygienic safety of composting processes, the indicator organism Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serotype Senftenberg strain W 775 (further abbreviated as W 775) was artificially inoculated on a meat carrier and monitored subsequently. Different types of composting processes, e.g. composting in enclosed facilities, in open-air and in-vessel composting, were investigated. The waste feedstocks used in this work were either biowastes (i.e. vegetable, fruit and garden wastes; also called source-separated household wastes) or pure garden wastes. Beside these large-scale trials, we also conducted some lab experiments in order to determine the impact of temperature, moisture content and the presence of an indigenous microflora on the eradication of W 775. We found the temperature to be the most important parameter to eradicate W 775 from compost. When the temperature of the compost heap is 60 degrees C and the moisture content varies between 60-65%, W 775 (10(8) CFU g(-1)) will be inactivated within 10 h of composting. The moisture content is, beside temperature, a second parameter that influences the survival of W 775. When the water content of the composting materials or meat carriers is reduced, a higher survival rate of W 775 was observed (survival rate increases 0.5 log(10) unit when there is a reduction of 5% in moisture content). In addition, other parameters (such as microbial antagonism, toxic compounds, etc.) have an influence on the survival of W 775 as well. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that all types of composting processes tested in this work were sufficient to eradicate W 775 providing that they are well managed in terms of temperature and moisture content. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: To give a better view on the parameters of importance for the eradication of W 775 during composting.