炭角菌科部分类群的生物地理学研究(英文)

与肉质真菌相比,大多数炭角菌科真菌的子实体结构和质地使其在自然环境中保持长久,不易腐变,这有利于记录该科采集物的分布信息,基于过去长达25年对该科的深厚工作积累,使我们有可能对其进行地理分布的研究。     

不同程度慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者血清FIB、RDW、MDW及IL-6的表达水平及其与肺功能、急性发作的相关性分析

摘要 目的：分析不同程度慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者血清纤维蛋白原（FIB）、红细胞分布宽度（RDW）、单核细胞体积分布宽度（MDW）及白介素6（IL-6）的表达水平及其与肺功能、急性发作的相关性。方法：选择我院自2021年4月至2023年4月接诊的148例COPD患者纳入观察组,根据气流受限严重程度分为轻-中度气流受限组（96例）和重-极重度气流受限组（52例）;另选同期的148例健康体检者纳入对照组。检测所有入选者血清FIB、RDW、MDW及IL-6的表达水平,比较不同组别之间血清FIB、RDW、MDW及IL-6的表达水平,使用Pearson相关性分析血清FIB、RDW、MDW及IL-6与肺功能指标[第一秒用力呼气容积与用力肺活量（FEV₁/FVC）占预计值百分比和第一秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比（FEV₁%）]的关系,ROC曲线分析血清FIB、RDW、MDW及IL-6对急性发作的预测效能。结果：观察组血清FIB、RDW、MDW及IL-6的表达水平均高于对照组（P<0.05）;重-极重度气流受限组血清FIB、RDW、MDW及IL-6的表达水平均高于轻-中度气流受限组（P<0.05）;经Pearson相关性分析,COPD患者血清FIB、RDW、MDW及IL-6的表达水平与FEV₁/FVC占预计值百分比、FEV₁%均呈负相关（P<0.05）;经ROC曲线分析,血清FIB、RDW、MDW联合IL-6预测COPD急性发作的敏感度为66.35%,特异度为90.42%、AUC为0.912。结论：不同程度COPD患者血清FIB、RDW、MDW及IL-6的表达水平存在差异,血清FIB、RDW、MDW及IL-6与其肺功能密切相关,联合对急性发作具有一定预测价值。     

Primitivity and convergence to stability

An exact expression for the index of primitivity g of a Leslie matrix is obtained, which applies also to time-varying matrices which share an incidence matrix. Elapsed time (not time intervals) to primitivity is shown to depend only weakly on the discretization scheme used. A lower bound for speed of convergence to the stable (fixed or time-dependent as appropriate) state is given which depends sensitively on g.     

Passive restoration in Araucaria Forest: useful ecological indicators in monitoring successional advancement in exotic tree plantation landscapes

Monitoring successional advancement is a complex field involving a constant search for applied ecological indicators which facilitate monitoring of secondary forests for both active and passive restoration. In this study, the authors investigate the successional advancement of floristics and tree structure within Araucaria Forest (AF) fragments under passive restoration in a context where exotic tree plantations (mainly Pinus L. genus) dominate the landscape. The ecological indicators used were floristic dissimilarity (β‐diversity inferences), indicator species, ecological groups of species, basal area, and species abundance distribution (SAD) models (α‐diversity inferences). A total of 182 tree species belonging to 91 genera and 43 botanical families were identified. A high β diversity was verified for which each site has indicator species (for the locations CD—Dicksonia sellowiana; CO—Cryptocarya aschersoniana; and PG—Pinus taeda), where pioneer species contributed to much of the abundance. Different SAD models are useful for describing passive restoration sites in exotic tree plantation landscapes, namely Lognormal, Mandelbrot, and Zipf. SAD models together with basal area, taxonomic group (e.g. Myrtaceae assemblage), and tree abundance in ecological groups are strategic ecological indicators for monitoring successional advancement in AF.     

Humans and other animals and the plants they ingest

Primula allionii is endemic to a tiny area of the Maritime Alps and has one of the narrowest distribution ranges in this hotspot of biodiversity. Phylogeographical patterns in P. allionii were studied using plastid DNA markers and dominantly inherited markers (AFLP and ISSR) to verify any admixture between P. allionii and the sympatric P. marginata and to detect the phylogeographical history of the species. Morphometric measurements of flowers and admixture analysis support the hypothesis that hybridization occurs in nature. Species distribution models using two climate models (CCSM and MIROC) suggested a reduction in habitat suitability during cold periods. Phylogeographical analysis suggested an old allopatric divergence during the mid‐Pleistocene transition (about 0.8 Mya) without recolonization/contraction cycles. The Alps watershed does not act as a strong barrier between the two main areas of the distribution range, and moderate gene flow by pollen seems to create the admixture recorded among the stands. According to our results, the persistence of P. allionii throughout the Ice Age appears to be linked to the capacity of the Maritime Alps to provide a wide diversity of microhabitats consistent with the recent biogeographical pattern proposed for the Mediterranean Basin. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 173 , 637–653.     

Children's competition in a natural setting: evidence for the ideal free distribution

Little is known of the foraging abilities of children in modern cultures, especially when children forage in groups. Here we present a test of optimal foraging theory in groups of street children working for money. The children we observed were selling bottles of water to drivers distributed in two lanes at a crossroad of Istanbul, Turkey. As predicted by the ideal free distribution (a model of optimal group foraging), the ratio of children working in the two lanes was sensitive to the ratio of cars (and therefore the ratio of potential buyers) present in each lane. Deviations from the ideal free model arose largely from numerical restrictions on the set of possible ratios compatible with a small group size. When these constraints were taken into account, optimal behavior emerged as a robust aspect of the children's group distribution. Our results extend to human children aspects of group foraging that were previously tested in human adults or other animal species.     

臭氧分布及对呼吸系统的影响

臭氧是氧气的同素异形体,在常温条件下它是一种有特殊臭味的淡蓝色气体。臭氧现已成为我国主要的一种环境污染物。臭氧的分布存在着明显的时间特异性和地区特异性,与气象条件、污染物的输送与扩散以及局地光化学反应强度等因素有着重要的关系。同时在人群流行病学和动物实验中发现了臭氧可以提高慢性阻塞性肺疾病、哮喘等呼吸系统疾病的发病率和病死率,同时提示了老年人、有呼吸系统疾病病史的人群和儿童都是易受臭氧影响的高危人群。国内外学者也对臭氧对机体损伤的机制进行了研究,主要集中在臭氧的致炎作用、氧化应激作用、造成机体气道高反应性和对细胞DNA的损伤等方面。本文主要就国内外对臭氧在时空分布、对机体呼吸系统影响和臭氧造成机体损伤的机制这3方面作一简要综述。     

Environmental niche patterns of native and non-native fishes within an invaded African river system

To test ecological niche theory, this study investigated the spatial patterns and the environmental niches of native and non-native fishes within the invaded Great Fish River system, South Africa. For the native fishes, there were contrasting environmental niche breadths that varied from being small to being large and overlapped for most species, except minnows that were restricted to headwater tributaries. In addition, there was high niche overlap in habitat association among fishes with similar distribution. It was therefore inferred that habitat filtering-driven spatial organisation was important in explaining native species distribution patterns. In comparison, most non-native fishes were found to have broad environmental niches and these fishes showed high tolerance to environmental conditions, which generally supported the niche opportunity hypothesis. The proliferation of multiple non-native fishes in the mainstem section suggest that they form a functional assemblage that is probably facilitated by the anthropogenic modification of flow regimes through inter-basin water transfer. Based on the distribution patterns observed in the study, it was inferred that there was a likelihood of negative interactions between native and non-native fishes. Such effects are likely to be exacerbated by altered flow regime that was likely to have negative implications for native ichthyofauna.