Lipid vertical motion and related steric effects in bilayer membranes

We present a theoretical model of a lipid bilayer in its gel state which explicity couples the vertical displacements of the lipid chains to their conformational state. In this model the chains are free to move longitudinally under a potential due to the neighbouring chains. The potential is due to a restoring force with a force constant k and thus acts to keep them in the local plane as defined by their nearest neighbours. It is demonstrated that the force constant k is directly related to the internal bilayer pressure, , and that if a value =33 dynes/cm is assumed then k=17.3 dynes/cm. Steric effects are explicity included by allowing chains to twist into free volume created by the vertical displacement of neighbouring chains. The Hamiltonian is expressed in terms of the projection operators, P _ij , describing the displacement of chain i relative to a neighbour j, and G _ij describing the direction of a twist in chain i. The model is solved both analytically and via Monte Carlo simulations for a one-dimensional system. The possibility of phase-transitions in two-dimensions and the relevance to the bilayer pre-transition is discussed.This work was first presented in poster form at the Canadian Biochemical Society Conference held in Banff, Alberta, Canada, April 29–May 4, 1984Work supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Le Fonds Formation des Chercheurs et Action a la Recherche du Quebec, and the Advisory Research Council of Queen's University     

Interaction of bradykinin with sodium dodecyl sulfate and certain acidic lipids

The striking change in the circular dichroism (CD) of bradykinin (BK) occasioned by its interaction with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is evidently due in large part to a change in the conformation of the C-terminal tetrapeptide moiety of the hormone. The full change in CD is induced by the binding of two molecules of monomeric SDS per peptide molecule, the complex being aggregated. Formation of the 1:2 BK-SDS complex apparently proceeds via intermediates of stoichiometry 1:1 and 2:1. The cooperative nature of the interaction is attributed to the SDS-promoted aggregation of BK. Electrostatic interactions with the Arg residues appear important for the binding reaction per se. CD reveals that BK also interacts with acidic lipids which bear a net electrical charge (e.g., cerebroside sulfate and phosphatidyl inositol) but not with lipids bearing no net charge (e.g., cerebroside and phosphatidyl choline). The interactions are with particular mixed micelles of the lipid and the nonionic surfactant used for their solubilization, micellar size and structure being examined by surface tensiometry and electron microscopy.     

Chemical defence in chrysomelid eggs and neonate larvae

ABSTRACT. Eggs and neonate larvae of chrysomelid beetles (sub-tribes Chrysomelina and Phyllodectina) were investigated for the presence of defensive substances.
The two isoxazolinone glucosides (compounds 1 and 2), characteristic of the adult defence secretion, were detected in the eggs of all studied species. Compound 2, containing a nitropropionate, is always present in concentrations (above 10^-2 M), which are highly deterrent to the ant Myrmica rubra. This compound is not at all or only slightly toxic to ants at 10^-2 M. Compound 1, devoid of nitropropionate, is a minor constituent, and is neither deterrent nor toxic to ants.
The five Chrysomela species studied and Phratora vitellinae also sequester salicin in their eggs in amounts highly deterrent and toxic to ants. A single Chrysomela egg often contains enough salicin to kill an ant. While the isoxazolinones are discarded with the egg shells, salicin is used by neonate larvae as a precursor for the production of salicylaldehyde in the thoracic defence glands, already functional at hatching. No salicin could be detected in the eggs of those species whose larvae produce cyclopentanoid monoterpenes, even if they feed on Salicaceae. No larva of any species seems to be able to produce detectable amounts of monoterpenes at birth. A very early defence, possible only in those species using salicin as the precursor for their defensive secretion, could be highly advantageous in protecting the clustered larvae during the long process of hatching and in avoiding cannibalism between siblings.
Only trace amounts of oleic acid were found in the eggs of Gastrophysa viridula , in contrast to previous reports on its presence in large quantities in the American G. cyanea.     

Food acquisition by competing surfperch on a patchy environmental gradient

Synopsis Black surfperch, Embiotoca jacksoni, and striped surfperch, Embiotoca lateralis, coexisted along steep sloping rocky habitats at Santa Cruz Island, California. The range of depths occupied (to 15 m) was characterized by a strong gradient in abundance of prey and a changing mosaic of substrate types from which surfperch harvested food. Availability of prey and diversity of benthic substrates were greatest in shallowest areas and both declined with increasing depth. Individuals of both surfperch species were residential within a narrow range of depths, with the result that different segments of their populations were consistently exposed to different foraging environments. These two phenomena (residential behavior combined with a gradient in availability of resources) resulted in variation in foraging behaviors and diets among individuals that resided at different depths. The pattern of within-population variation differed between the surfperch species. Black surfperch individuals achieved similar taxonomic diets and expended similar foraging effort at all depths, but deep-water foragers captured much less prey biomass per unit effort. The taxonomic composition of striped surfperch diets differed among depths, and although similar amounts of prey biomass were captured everywhere, individuals in deep areas expended much greater effort to obtain that level of food return. For both species, habitat profitability (food return to foraging effort) declined with depth. The difference in habitat profitability appeared to influence fitness components of both surfperches. Individuals occupying deep habitats were about 5% shorter in standard length than conspecifics of the same chronological age living in shallow areas; the disparity in body size resulted in an estimated difference in clutch size of 10–18%.     

The effect of L-canavanine and L-canaline on the hemolymph amino acid composition of the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta (L.) (Sphingidae)

Tobacco hornworm larvae, Manduca sexta (L.) (Sphingidae), were administered L-canaline either by parenteral injection or by dietary consumption. The overt toxicity and the alteration of hemolymph amino acids caused by these nonprotein amino acids were evaluated. The LD₅₀ value for parenterally administered canavanine and canaline is 1.0 and 2.5 mg/g fresh body weight, respectively. A dietary concentration of 5.2 mM for canavanine and over 20 mM for canaline represent the respective LC₅₀ values. A large percentage of the larvae reared on diets supplemented with additional arginine, ornithine, or 2,4-diaminobutyric acid in addition to canavanine or canaline were unable to complete larval-pupal ecdysis. These toxic effects were associated with a decreased glutamic acid hemolymph titer and dramatically elevated ornithine. On the other hand, larvae administered canavanine or canaline alone, either by dietary consumption or parenteral injection, experienced less drastic developmental aberrations. These symptoms were in some cases correlated with increased ornithine and glutamic acid titers. Evidence is presented that even a canavanine- and canaline-sensitive insect such as M. sexta has a marked ability to eliminate these protective allelochemicals.     

Larval development,developmental arrest,and hormone levels in the couple Galleria mellonella (lepidoptera-pyralidae)—Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata (diptera-tachinidae)

During their growth on the substitution host Galleria mellonella, about onethird of Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata larvae undergo a developmental arrest in the middle of the second stage. To assess the extent of endocrine involvement, juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysteroid (ECD) determinations by radioimmunoassays were made both on G. mellonella and P. nigrolineata throughout the larval development of this parasitoid. The transfer of G. mellonella larvae from the usual rearing temperature (27.5°C) to that required for infestation (21°C) significantly affects hormone titers: the JH level increases 10 to 20 times, while the ECD level becomes 10 times lower. The JH levels are lower in hosts with parasitoids in developmental arrest than in those with P. nigrolineata in continuous growth, but the high variability makes it seem unlikely that the titer of this hormone is critical in regulating development of the parasitoid. ECD levels are depressed in the hosts with parasitoids in developmental arrest and are increased when the parasitoids resume growth. Therefore, we propose that the main cause of the developmental arrest of P. nigrolineata is the low ECD levels characterizing some G. mellonella larvae for which the transfer to 21°C has induced some physiological disturbances.     

Kinetic characterization of early intermediates in the folding of E. coli tryptophan-synthase beta 2 subunit

This report describes the use of fluorescence energy transfer between an intrinsic energy donor (tryptophan 177) and two chemically added acceptors to study intermediates in the folding of the beta 2 subunit of E. coli tryptophan-synthase. Two early folding steps are thus identified and characterized. One is very rapid (its rate constant at 12 degrees C is 0.02 sec-1) and corresponds to the folding of the N-terminal domain into a structure whose overall features approximate well those of the native domain. The second step is somewhat slower (its rate constant at 12 degrees C is 0.008 sec-1) and involves a conformational rearrangement of the N-terminal domain brought about by the interactions between the N- and C-terminal domains within a monomeric beta chain. This brings to five the number of intermediates which have been identified and ordered on the folding pathway of the dimeric beta 2 subunit.     

Interrelationships between Ethylene Production,Gall Formation,and Root-knot Nematode Development in Tomato Plants Infected with Meloidogyne javanica

Ethylene production was determined in excised tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) root cultures of Meloidogyne javanica susceptible and resistant cultivars infected with M. javanica. Uninfected cultivars produced very low amounts of ethylene. Relatively high amounts of ethylene were produced by the infected susceptible cultivars. Peak production of 1.6 n moles * g root⁻¹ * h¹⁻ occurred between 9 and 16 days after inoculation (DAI). The period of high ethylene production coincided with that of rapid increase in gall weight. Low amounts of ethylene were also released by the infected resistant cultivar between 9 and 12 DAI, which follows the hypersensitivity reaction. Ethylene production in infected intact plants during the period of rapid gall growth was twice as much as in uninfected plants during the same time. Exposing excised root cultures to 0.5 or l0 ppm ethylene accelerated the rate of increase in gall weight of M. javanica infected roots. In contrast, overall root growth was inhibited by these treatments, compared to infected roots which were not exposed to ethylene.     

Dispersion and Distribution of Pratylenchus scribneri and Hoplolaimus galeatus in Soybean Fields

Examination of dispersional characteristics of Pratylenchus scribneri and Hoplolaimus galeatus indicated that there were patches within soybean fields in which both survival and reproduction wexe enhanced in spite of apparent homogeneity of soil type and topography. Treatment with carbofuran reduced the patchiness (or increased the dispersion) for H. galeatus while it had the opposite effect for P. scribneri. P. scribneri was less highly dispersed in conventional tillage plots than in the zero tillage plots. Populations from quadrats contained entirely within the patches could be described by the normal distribution (in the case of P. scribneri) or by the Poisson distribution (in the case of H. galeatus), while populations from quadrats contained entirely outside the patches could be described by the Poisson distribution for both nematodes. None of the distributions tested (Poisson, normal, negative binomial, Neyman''s) gave an adequate fit when populations from both inside and outside the patches were considered together. In all instances, log₁₀ and ln transformations reduced the goodness of fit of the data to all of the distributions tested. Even with logarithmic transformations, parametric statistics were not appropriate for analysis of data in most instances.     

Population Dynamics of Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis Alone and in Combination,and Their Effects on Sweet Potato

Meloidogyne incognita (Mi) and Rotylenchulus reniformis (Rr) interactions on sweet potato were studied in naturally and artificially infested field plots for 3 years. In a naturally infested field, early season counts of Mi or Rr were positively correlated with later counts of the same nematode, but negative correlations were found between early Mi and subsequent Rr, and early Rr and subsequent Mi counts. In field plots fumigated with methyl bromide and then infested with low levels of Rr, Mi, and Rr + Mi, final population densities of Mi juveniles were reduced by Rr, but Rr was not affected by Mi. In field plots with a high natural population density of Rr, artificial infestation with high levels of Mi in both fumigated and nonfumigated treatments inhibited Rr, while the final Mi juvenile population density was not affected. Results indicate that a competitive interaction exists with each species capable of inhibiting the other and becoming the dominant population. The nematodes had no apparent effect on yield at the inoculum densities used, either alone or mixed. Both nematodes increased cracking of sweet potatoes, but mixed populations did not differ in incidence of cracking from either Rr or Mi alone.