大黄葸醌提取物对建鲤抗应激及生长的影响

将750尾建鲤随机分成5组,第1组为对照组,投喂基础日粮,另外4组为试验组,投喂基础日粮中分别添加0．5％、1．0％、2．0％、4．0％大黄蒽醌提取物。从2005年7月到9月连续投喂70d后,对鱼体进行高密度应激,测定其生长、应激前后血液皮质醇、血糖、溶菌酶等变化。结果表明：与对照组相比,应激前添加大黄葸醌提取物提高了鱼体增重率、特定生长率、鱼体丰满度、血液溶菌酶活性,降低了饵料系数与鱼体死亡率,但是与大黄葸醌提取物的添加水平不成线性关系,其中2．0％试验组还显著降低了血液皮质醇。高密度应激1d后,各组血液中的皮质醇、血糖、溶菌酶都有不同程度的增加,其中对照组最高,添加1．0％和2．0％大黄蒽醌提取物的试验组相对较低。应激前后各组鱼的攻毒试验表明：除应激前添加1．0％和2．0％大黄蒽醌提取物的组没有死鱼外,其它各组都有死鱼,其中对照组死亡率最高。因此添加1．0％-2．0％大黄蒽醌提取物提高了机体抗应激能力,并对病原菌感染起一定的保护作用,促进了鱼体生长。     

Remote sensing and geographic information systems in the spatial temporal dynamics modeling of infectious diseases

Similar to species immigration or exotic species invasion,infectious disease transmis-sion is strengthened due to the globalization of human activities. Using schistosomiasis as an exam-ple,we propose a conceptual model simulating the spatio-temporal dynamics of infectious diseases. We base the model on the knowledge of the interrelationship among the source,media,and the hosts of the disease. With the endemics data of schistosomiasis in Xichang,China,we demonstrate that the conceptual model is feasible; we introduce how remote sensing and geographic information systems techniques can be used in support of spatio-temporal modeling; we compare the different effects caused to the entire population when selecting different groups of people for schistosomiasis control. Our work illustrates the importance of such a modeling tool in supporting spatial decisions. Our mod-eling method can be directly applied to such infectious diseases as the plague,lyme disease,and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. The application of remote sensing and geographic informa-tion systems can shed light on the modeling of other infectious disease and invasive species studies.     

Role of the EXPO ’70 forest project in forest restoration in urban areas

The forest-restoration project of EXPO ’70 Commemorative Park, Japan, is an epoch-making attempt to restore a nature-oriented forest park in an urban area in which large-scale land reclamation had occurred. The objective of this paper is to review the concept, planning, and design, and the outcome so far, and discuss current aspects of creating a core natural habitat in the city of Osaka. Innovative planning policy and design methods have been used for construction of the forest-restoration project of EXPO Park. Unexpected troubles have occurred, however. After approximately 10 years severe effects of poor drainage and soil compaction on the establishment of the forest have been revealed by intensive monitoring. Partial redevelopment and soil-amendment work has therefore been conducted. These improvements seemed to have resulted in “a self-sustaining forest”, the original objective of the planning policy. After approximately 25 years, however, a second intensive monitoring program has revealed that the status of nature restoration is generally favorable in quantity but not in structure of forest communities or biodiversity. The major issues identified are excessive tree density with a single foliage layer caused by the single generation of immature forest stand, and ecological isolation from the source of nature. The EXPO forest is currently in the “Second Generation” stage; this involves management, including artificial gap regeneration, and soil seed bank introduction, with careful monitoring. The project is expected to be an ideal example of a core habitat of nature-oriented forest in urban areas achieved by adaptive management.     

Body mass effects of a physical activity and healthy food intervention in middle schools

Objective: To evaluate the effects of a 2‐year middle school physical activity and healthy food intervention, including an environmental and computer‐tailored component on BMI and BMI z‐score in boys and girls. Research Methods and Procedures: A random sample of 15 schools with seventh and eighth graders was randomly assigned to three conditions: an intervention with parental support group, an intervention‐alone group, and a control group. Weight and height were measured at the beginning and end of each school year to assess BMI and BMI z‐score. A physical activity and healthy food program was implemented over 2 school years. Results: In girls, BMI and BMI z‐score increased significantly less in the intervention with parental support group compared with the control group (p < 0.05) or the intervention‐alone group (p = 0.05). In boys, no significant positive intervention effects were found. Discussion: This was the first study evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention combining environmental changes with personal computer‐tailored feedback on BMI and BMI z‐score in middle school children. After 2 school years, BMI and BMI z‐score changed in a more positive direction in girls as a result of the intervention with parental support.     

A family-based approach to preventing excessive weight gain

Objective: Preventing weight gain in adults and excessive weight gain in children is a high priority. We evaluated the ability of a family‐based program aimed at increasing steps and cereal consumption (for breakfast and snacks) to reduce weight gain in children and adults. Research Methods and Procedures: Families (n = 105) with at least one 8‐ to 12‐year‐old child who was at‐risk‐for‐overweight or overweight (designated as the target child) were recruited for the study. Eighty‐two families were randomly assigned to receive the family‐based intervention and 23 families to the control condition. The 13‐week intervention consisted of specific increases in daily steps (an additional 2000 steps/d) and consumption of 2 servings/d of ready‐to‐eat cereal. Results: The intervention was successful in increasing walking (steps) and cereal consumption. The intervention had positive, significant effects on percentage BMI‐for‐age and percentage body fat for target children and weight, BMI, and percentage body fat for parents. On further analysis, the positive effects of the intervention were seen largely in target girls and moms, rather than in target boys and dads. Discussion: This family‐based weight gain prevention program based on small changes holds promise for reducing excessive weight gain in families and especially in growing overweight children.     

和田皮墨垦区杨树十斑吉丁虫的生物学初报

杨十斑吉丁虫Melanophila picta Pallas是西北地区杨树的一种毁灭性蛀干害虫,近年杨十斑吉丁虫对和田皮墨垦区的杨树危害日益严重。对杨树十斑吉丁虫进行初步生物学研究表明,在和田皮墨垦区该虫1年发生1代,幼虫在树皮与木质间为害,造成杨树死亡。查清了该类害虫的为害时期及为害程度,其幼虫期人工刮皮消灭幼虫,成虫期树干涂沫2.5%高渗高效氯氰菊酯效果好。     

潍坊市小儿腹泻状况分析

为了掌握潍坊市冬、秋季节婴幼儿腹泻的病因,在2008年10月1日~12月9日期间,对城内四所市级医疗机构的门诊和住院腹泻病人进行了统计,对住院腹泻病人采样作了检测,并对其进行分析。结果显示,潍坊市秋冬季腹泻患者主要由轮状病毒所引起,接种轮状病毒疫苗可有效预防轮状病毒腹泻。     

肩难产临床分析

目的分析肩难产发生原因,对母婴的影响,处理及预防。方法对我院1988年1月～2006年12月住院分娩产妇中出现的15例肩难产病例进行回顾性总结分析。结果肩难产虽然发生率低,但一旦发生即会造成较严重的分娩并发症,并对母婴产生严重危害,甚至新生儿死亡。结论巨大儿常发生肩难产。肩难产处理不当会发生严重的母婴并发症。产科医师除熟练掌握处理肩难产的各种方法外,更要做产前防范与助产的技巧把握。     

Are We Losing the Best Parts of Our Protected Areas in Tropical Mountains?

Protected areas (PAs) on tropical mountains undergo greater forest destruction in their lower altitudes. We compared the extent of forested, nonforested, and fragmented areas between lowland (<1000 m asl) and montane zones of the Blue Mountains inside the Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park established in Jamaica in 1993. We found that in 2008, inside the montane zone, only 4 percent of forest was cleared, and forest fragmentation was minimal. In the lowland zone, however, the percentage of forest cleared was seven times as high, and the density of fragments was 11-fold higher. We established twenty-five 0.04 ha lowland plots; ordination of tree species composition in these plots reflected a rainfall gradient, showing that plots on the wetter northern side of the Blue Mountains were floristically different from those on the drier southern side. The conservation value of the remaining lowland forest is high because of its high endemism (18% of species in our plots) and beta diversity. In addition, IUCN Red List data show that about 71 percent of threatened tree species in the Blue Mountains grow in the lowland region, 92 percent of which are endemic. From these findings, we identify a ‘protected area hotspot zone’, which lies between the PA boundary and the core high-altitude zone, and which should be instituted in IUCN categories I and II PAs.     

Pastoralist Responses to Floodplain Rehabilitation in North Cameroon

This paper examines the responses of mobile pastoralists to a floodplain rehabilitation program in north Cameroon. From 1993 to 1999, we measured changes in number of camps and herds, and the time they spent in the 600 km² of the Logone floodplain that was reflooded in 1994. The first year, few pastoralists anticipated the reflooding or its impact, and the increase in grazing intensity was caused by a prolonged stay of pastoralists who already used the area for transit. The following three years showed a sharp increase in the number of camps and herds, which stabilized from 1997 onwards. Overall, grazing intensity increased threefold, following the gradually recovering perennial grasslands, with no signs of overexploitation of the area. These developments closely match the ideal preemptive distribution model. We also examined how reflooding affected pastoral incursions in the Waza National Park located in the floodplain.