风和风沙流对不同固沙植物生理状况的影响

在野外风洞条件下,对风和风沙流影响固沙植物的生理状况进行了研究。结果表明：风和风沙流对不同植物的影响不同,风对结皮和苔藓的影响在于吹蚀和干燥,对草本和灌木的影响主要是：１．通过迫使气孔关闭、降低叶温和胞间ＣＯ２浓度来抑制光合作用;２．加强蒸腾作用,减小水分利用率;３．降低叶片水势和土壤含水量,从而加强干燥作用。而风沙流对结皮和苔藓的影响主要在于剥蚀和堆积,对草本和灌木的影响主要是机械损伤作用,对光合和水分利用的影响将更加剧烈。不同类型植物对两种胁迫的适应程度不同。     

Effects of carbamazepine on nerve activity and transmitter release in neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells and the frog neuromuscular junction

Effects of the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine on nerve action potential and transmitter release in mouse neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15) and the frog neuromuscular junction were studied. Carbamazepine within a concentration range of 0.1–0.5 mmol/L reduced the peak height of the action potential of the NG108-15 cells, whereas the membrane potential and membrane resistance were unaffected. Voltage clamp revealed that the decrease in the action potential was due to the blockage of the Na⁺, delayed K⁺ and transient Ca²⁺ currents. Carbamazepine did not affect Ca²⁺-activated and A type K⁺ currents and long-lasting Ca²⁺ current. In the frog neuromuscular junction, carbamazepine decreased the mean quantal content by a parallel shift in the frequency augmentation–potentiation (FAP) relation. It is concluded that carbamazepine blocks the voltage-dependent Na⁺, delayed K⁺, and transient Ca²⁺ currents and quantal transmitter release through a decrease of nerve excitation.     

Reduction of Presynaptic Action Potentials by PAD: Model and Experimental Study

A compartmental model of myelinated nerve fiber was used to show that primary afferent depolarization (PAD), as elicited by axo-axonic synapses, reduces the amplitude of propagating action potentials primarily by interfering with ionic current responsible for the spike regeneration. This reduction adds to the effect of the synaptic shunt, increases with the PAD amplitude, and occurs at significant distances from the synaptic zone. PAD transiently enhances the sodium current activation, which partly accounts for the PAD-induced fiber hyperexcitability, and enhances sodium inactivation on a slower time course, thus reducing the amplitude of action potentials. In vivo, intra-axonal recordings from the intraspinal portion of group I afferent fibers were carried out to verify that depolarizations reduced the amplitude of propagating action potentials as predicted by the model. This article suggests PAD might play a major role in presynaptic inhibition.     

导管射频消融治疗特发性室性心动过速的体会

目的探讨应用导管射频消融（ＲＦＣＡ）治疗特发性室性心动过速的疗效。方法经皮穿刺左右侧股静脉右侧股动脉（起源于左室时）,将多根６Ｆ或７Ｆ４极导管送至高位右房（ＨＲＡ）、房束（ＨＢＥ）、右室心尖（ＲＶＡ）、右室流出道（ＲＶＯＴ）或左室（ＬＶ）,作短阵快速和程序刺激心室诱发ＶＴ,同步记录１２导联及心腔内各部位电图。结果除１例不能坚持ＲＦＣＡ外,成功１１例（９１．７％）,另１例因疗效不满意改用导管心内膜直流电消融而获成功。结论术前诊断及靶点标测的准确性是ＲＦＣＡ治疗成功的关键。     

外源基因直接转移技术之评价

外源基因直接转移技术有ＰＥＧ法、电击法、基因枪法、微注射法、脂质体法、生殖细胞转化法等．本文对它们进行了比较分析,指出它们各自的优缺点,并提出生殖细胞转化法是一种值得探索和应用的转化方法     

Electroporation of cells

By measuring uptake of the membrane impermeable dye. phenosafranine, it can be shown that the plasma membrane of intact cells within cell aggregates can be reversibly permeabilized by electroporation. However, the plant cell wall is a barrier to DNA uptake by intact cells, although under certain circumstances expression of DNA, electroporated into intact cells, can be demonstrated. The level of expression is about 20–50 times lower than that obtained by electroporation of protoplasts, and depends on cell wall properties and pretreatments of cell aggregates. In contrast, efficient transformation of whole cells of bacteria and yeasts can be achieved by electroporation. Factors which influence DNA transfer into whole plant cells and the possibility of stable transformation are discussed.     

The nature of parsimony and instrumentalism in systematics

This paper traces the historical and philosophical roots of the principle of parsimony, and its incorporation in empiricist philosophy of science. It is argued that phylogeny reconstruction looks back to the empiricist tradition in its application of parsimony. The radical coherentism that motivates the application of parsimony in direct optimization of sequence alignment results in an instrumentalist approach to phylogeny reconstruction. A similarly instrumentalist perspective motivated the 'barcoding' initiative in taxonomy and bioconservation. This is contrasted with a realist conception of systematics.     

苦参碱对哇巴因诱导钠电流改变的调节作用

目的:探讨苦参碱拮抗哇巴因诱导的心律失常的作用机制。方法:应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录哇巴因对单个豚鼠心室肌细胞的Na+电流和动作电位时程作用后,观察苦参碱对哇巴因诱导Na+电流和动作电位时程改变的恢复作用。结果:1 5μmol·L-1哇巴因延长APD50从给药前476±40.7 ms增加到744±62.9 ms(n=6,P0.05),APD90从给药前499±84.9 ms增加到775±87.7 ms(n=6,P0.01),100μmol·L-1苦参碱恢复APD50至603±79.0 ms(n=6,P0.05),APD90至630±81.6 ms(n=6,P0.05);2 5μmol·L-1哇巴因可增加钠电流的峰值,在-20 m V电压条件下,5μmol·L-1哇巴因增加INa,由正常-40.9±2.32 p A/p F增加到-55.2±2.26 p A/p F(n=8,P0.05),100μmol·L-1苦参碱减少INa至-34.6±2.14 p A/p F(n=8,P0.05);5μmol·L-1哇巴因右移钠通道的激活曲线,并左移钠通道的失活曲线从而改变通道动力学特性;100μmol·L-1苦参碱可抑制哇巴因诱导的INa的增加,并恢复Na+通道动力学特性接近正常。结论:苦参碱拮抗哇巴因诱导的心律失常机制与其抑制哇巴因诱发细胞水平Na+电流的增加,缩短哇巴因诱发APD的延长有关。     

Translational aspects of cardiac cell therapy

Cell therapy has been intensely studied for over a decade as a potential treatment for ischaemic heart disease. While initial trials using skeletal myoblasts, bone marrow cells and peripheral blood stem cells showed promise in improving cardiac function, benefits were found to be short‐lived likely related to limited survival and engraftment of the delivered cells. The discovery of putative cardiac ‘progenitor’ cells as well as the creation of induced pluripotent stem cells has led to the delivery of cells potentially capable of electromechanical integration into existing tissue. An alternative strategy involving either direct reprogramming of endogenous cardiac fibroblasts or stimulation of resident cardiomyocytes to regenerate new myocytes can potentially overcome the limitations of exogenous cell delivery. Complimentary approaches utilizing combination cell therapy and bioengineering techniques may be necessary to provide the proper milieu for clinically significant regeneration. Clinical trials employing bone marrow cells, mesenchymal stem cells and cardiac progenitor cells have demonstrated safety of catheter based cell delivery, with suggestion of limited improvement in ventricular function and reduction in infarct size. Ongoing trials are investigating potential benefits to outcome such as morbidity and mortality. These and future trials will clarify the optimal cell types and delivery conditions for therapeutic effect.