凡纳滨对虾生物絮团养殖系统中不同生境细菌群落特征

【目的】凡纳滨对虾生物絮团养殖系统(biofloc-based culture system, BFS)是一种基于培育和调控微生物群落的新型生态养殖模式。然而,目前对于BFS在不同生境中的微生物群落特征及其构建过程还不清楚。【方法】采用16S rRNA基因测序技术探究BFS在3种不同生境(水体、絮团和对虾肠道)的细菌群落组成;通过溯源分析和中性模型等方法,探究不同生境细菌群落的特征及其构建过程。【结果】3种生境的微生物群落多样性和组成具有显著性差异,絮团和对虾肠道的群落结构和组成最为相似,溯源结果显示对虾肠道有98.76%的细菌类群来自絮团,仅有0.83%的细菌类群来自水体;3种生境共有的细菌主要为鲁杰氏菌(Ruegeria),在水体、絮团和对虾肠道中的丰度分别为1.72%、7.34%和6.00%,水体中特有的扩增子变异序列(amplicon sequence variants, ASV)数量为89个,主要属于海茎状菌(Maricaulis)和欧文威克斯菌(Owenweeksia),絮团中有56个,主要为莱茵海默氏菌(Rheinheimera),而对虾肠道中仅有10个,主要属于玫瑰杆菌(Roseobacter);中性模型结果表明,水体、絮团和对虾肠道细菌群落构建均符合中性模型,表明3种生境中细菌群落构建均受中性过程主导。【结论】在BFS系统中,不同生境的微生物群落具有显著差异,对虾肠道细菌主要来自生物絮团,而3种生境的细菌群落构建过程由中性过程主导。这些结果为调控生物絮团养殖系统中微生物群落提供了理论依据。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠不同区域柽柳沙包土壤盐分分布特征及其影响因素

柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)沙包是塔克拉玛干沙漠特殊的生物地貌景观, 对维持区域生态环境的稳定具有极其重要的作用。该研究采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法, 选取且末、阿拉尔、策勒、塔中4个典型区域的柽柳沙包为研究对象, 对柽柳沙包0-500 cm土壤垂直剖面进行采样, 测定土壤pH值、枯落物含量、电导率及HCO₃ ^-、Cl ^-、SO₄ ^2-、Ca ²⁺、Mg ²⁺、K ⁺、Na ⁺含量, 分析柽柳沙包中土壤盐分的空间变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明: 1)从且末、阿拉尔、策勒到塔中, 土壤pH值总体呈升高趋势, 土壤电导率及Na ⁺、Ca ²⁺、Mg ²⁺、SO₄ ^2-含量总体呈降低趋势, K ⁺、Cl ^-、HCO₃ ^-含量没有明显的变化规律。2)盐分在4个样区的垂直分布主要表现为: 且末和策勒样区柽柳沙包的土壤盐分呈表层聚集现象; 阿拉尔和塔中样区柽柳沙包的土壤盐分呈深层聚集现象。随着土层深度的增加, 土壤pH值总体呈升高的趋势, 土壤枯落物含量总体呈降低趋势; 土壤电导率在且末和策勒样区总体呈降低趋势, 阿拉尔样区呈先降低后升高再降低的变化趋势, 而塔中样区呈先升高后降低再升高的变化趋势。3)根据相关性分析和主成分分析, 且末样区土壤枯落物含量、SO₄ ^2-、Na ⁺、K ⁺为影响土壤盐分含量的主要因子, 且土壤盐分以硫酸盐为主; 阿拉尔样区影响土壤盐分组成的主要因子为Cl ^-、Na ⁺; 策勒样区为Cl ^-、K ⁺、Na ⁺; 塔中样区为Cl ^-、Na ⁺、Ca ²⁺、SO₄ ^2-, 且土壤盐分均以氯化物为主。综合分析表明, 不同区域柽柳沙包中土壤盐分存在空间变异性, 柽柳沙包土壤盐分的变化与干旱沙漠地区强烈的蒸发作用、地表风蚀强度、地下水埋深、土壤中枯落物及柽柳的生物积盐效应等因素密切相关, 是影响不同区域土壤盐分分布的关键因子。     

黑木耳的不同浸泡方式与其邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯含量相关性研究

通过对黑木耳中邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DiBP）含量测定,探讨了黑木耳Auricularia heimuer不同处理方式与其DiBP含量的相关性。对黑木耳采用清水、碱水和开水焯不同方式浸泡,高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定结果。采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C₁₈（4.6mm×150mm,5μm）色谱柱用流动相为甲醇-0.1%甲酸水溶液进行梯度洗脱,流速0.25mL/min,检测波长254nm,柱温25℃。结果表明,清水浸泡1d、2d、3d和4d的黑木耳所含DiBP的含量显著升高,平均是干品中的2.707倍;碱水浸泡1d、2d、3d和4d以及开水焯黑木耳10s以上均使其DiBP含量显著降低,平均是干品中的0.066倍。因此,黑木耳的浸泡处理方式与DiBP含量具有显著的相关性,为黑木耳的正确处理食用提供了科学依据。     

Can habitat characteristics shape vertebral morphology in dolphins? An example of two phylogenetically related species from southern South America

Fast swimming pelagic cetacean species have osteological characteristics that promote a more stable spine in comparison to that of coastal species. The Peale's dolphin (Lagenorhynchus australis) and the hourglass dolphin (Lagenorhynchus cruciger) have a close phylogenetic relationship and are found in coastal and pelagic waters in the Southern Hemisphere, respectively. The aim of this work was to study the relationship between the vertebral column's morphology and its flexibility, across these species of contrasting habitats. Vertebral counts and multiple measurements of each vertebra were used to infer intervertebral flexibility. Bivariate plots and discriminant multivariate analyses were employed to compare each functional region along the vertebral column. Both species displayed a regionalization of the column into three stable regions and two flexible areas, which statistically differ in the proportion of the skeleton occupied in each species. While the Peale's dolphin has rounder vertebrae, associated with higher flexibility, the hourglass dolphin has disk‐shaped vertebrae and strongly inclined processes related to high stability. Although the species are closely related phylogenetically, vertebral morphology is influenced by a diverse set of ecological and behavioral factors, reflecting a high degree of vertebral plasticity within the genus.     

Intricate evolutionary histories in montane species: a phylogenetic window into craniodental discrimination in the Peromyscus mexicanus species group (Mammalia: Rodentia: Cricetidae)

Mountain‐associated species, which exhibit allopatric distributions associated with elevation, endemisms and complex evolutionary histories, pose challenging evolutionary scenarios in which to discern the diversification of species. The Peromyscus mexicanus mice group, distributed along mountains in southern Mexico and Central America, is morphometrically variable, a key rationale for the ongoing controversy regarding its species delimitation. Based on the recognized 15 mitochondrial lineages for the group, we analysed external and craniodental morphometric variables to test whether lineages can be differentiated morphometrically and allow for the delimitation of species. We also aimed to test the prediction that the phylogenetic structure of the morphometric data is concordant with that of the molecular information. Based on 19 craniodental measurements from 521 specimens, multivariate and discriminant analyses showed that lineages are morphometrically discernible, representing distinct phenotypes, and that overall size and mandible measurements are significant features that discriminate lineages, supporting hypotheses about differences in feeding habits between species. Also, a pattern of increasing size with elevation was observed, further supported by specific morphological differences exhibited between highland and lowland lineages inhabiting the same mountain. Our results demonstrate that P. mexicanus is both genetically and morphometrically variable, where most highland montane species are differentiated from lowland species; also, a significant correlation between mitochondrial and morphometric information is indicative of phenetic concordance, altogether in agreement with a recent taxonomic proposal for the group. We suggest that the group's intricate diversification responds to ecological diversification and adaptation to a variety of mountain habitats and Pleistocene biogeographic climatic dynamics.     

Home sweet home: evidence for nest‐fidelity in the rocky intertidal fish,the shanny Lipophrys pholis

The ability to be faithful to a particular area or site was analysed in the shanny Lipophrys pholis. Using passive integrated transponders, adults from a population of L. pholis at Cabo Raso, Portugal, were followed over a period of 3 years. The findings showed that site fidelity is a consistent behaviour during the breeding season with specific breeding males being found only in particular sectors within the area, and in specific nests throughout the years. The fact that, in general, L. pholis individuals were absent from the study area during the non‐breeding season and breeding males were recorded returning to the same nests and sectors for consecutive breeding seasons suggests that they have developed excellent homing abilities. Translocation data corroborate this idea showing that breeding males successfully returned to their nests after a displacement of >100 m. Altogether, these findings highlight the relevance of life‐history traits (e.g. nesting) in the conditioning of site fidelity and homing for this species of rocky intertidal fish, and more importantly, provide evidence for the need of a well‐developed navigational system.     

大青沟国家自然保护区不同植被类型地面生苔藓植物物种多样性研究

在野外样方调查的基础上研究了大青沟国家自然保护区5种不同植被类型地面生苔藓植物物种多样性及其与环境因子之间相关性。（1）共发现苔藓植物12科27属55种,以丛藓科（Pottiaceae）、青藓科（Brachytheciaceae）和真藓科（Bryaceae）等为优势科,青藓属（Brachythecium）、真藓属（Bryum）和小石藓属（Weissia）等为优势属,优势种有双色真藓（Bryum bicolor）、西伯利亚瘤冠苔（Mannia sibirica）、密叶绢藓短柄变种（Entodon compressus var.zikaiwiensis）、绒叶青藓（Brachythecium velutinum）和地钱（Marchantia polymorpha）等;（2） Alpha多样性指数中,Patrick丰富度指数6~29,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数1.439 2~2.608 0,变化规律均为：水曲柳林（Fraxinus mandschuria forest） > 蒙古栎林（Quercus mongolica forest） > 大果榆林（Ulmus macrocarpa forest） > 西伯利亚杏灌丛（Armeniaca sibirica shrub） > 羊草草地（Leymus chinensis community）;Simpson优势度指数0.131 6~0.295 5,与上述两指数呈显著负相关;Pielou均匀度指数0.663 0~0.803 3,与以上指数相关性不强;（3）影响物种多样性的主要环境因子有空气湿度、土壤水分、乔木盖度和灌木盖度;（4） Bata多样性指数0~0.652 2,大果榆林与蒙古栎林之间相似度最大,羊草草地与水曲柳林之间无相似性;水曲柳林和蒙古栎林是研究区地面生苔藓植物物种多样性保护的重点。     

Phenotypic selection on flowering phenology and pollination efficiency traits between Primula populations with different pollinator assemblages

Floral traits have largely been attributed to phenotypic selection in plant–pollinator interactions. However, the strength of this link has rarely been ascertained with real pollinators. We conducted pollinator observations and estimated selection through female fitness on flowering phenology and floral traits between two Primula secundiflora populations. We quantified pollinator‐mediated selection by subtracting estimates of selection gradients of plants receiving supplemental hand pollination from those of plants receiving open pollination. There was net directional selection for an earlier flowering start date at populations where the dominant pollinators were syrphid flies, and flowering phenology was also subjected to stabilized quadratic selection. However, a later flowering start date was significantly selected at populations where the dominant pollinators were legitimate (normal pollination through the corolla tube entrance) and illegitimate bumblebees (abnormal pollination through nectar robbing hole which located at the corolla tube), and flowering phenology was subjected to disruptive quadratic selection. Wider corolla tube entrance diameter was selected at both populations. Furthermore, the strength of net directional selection on flowering start date and corolla tube entrance diameter was stronger at the population where the dominant pollinators were syrphid flies. Pollinator‐mediated selection explained most of the between‐population variations in the net directional selection on flowering phenology and corolla tube entrance diameter. Our results suggested the important influence of pollinator‐mediated selection on floral evolution. Variations in pollinator assemblages not only resulted in variation in the direction of selection but also the strength of selection on floral traits.     

不同方法处理的九香虫对人胃癌SGC-7901细胞体外作用比较及其抑癌组分分布

本实验探讨冷冻和传统中药炮制方法处理的九香虫对胃癌细胞增殖的影响及九香虫抑癌活性组分的体内分布。体外培养人胃癌SGC-7901细胞,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法(MTT法)观察不同方法处理的九香虫各组分水溶液对SGC-7901细胞的体外抑制作用。结果发现,炮制九香虫蛋白浓度为50和100mg·L~(-1)时作用48h对SGC-7901细胞生长具有抑制作用,抑制率分别为13.45%和14.68%,而浓度达到200和400mg·L~(-1)时对SGC-7901细胞生长具有促进作用,抑制率为-7.94%和-82.50%;冷冻处理下九香虫不同浓度对SGC-7901细胞生长具有显著的抑制作用,该处理组蛋白浓度为50、100、200和400mg·L-1时抑制率分别为0.49%,3.82%,4.42%,39.33%。选取九香虫整虫及分解后的各部位处理组最大作用浓度比较,增殖抑制率为血淋巴腹部整虫头部。因此,冷冻处理的九香虫对胃癌细胞抑制率更高,且在该条件下九香虫的抑癌活性组分主要分布于血淋巴和腹部。