石质文物地衣生物腐蚀及防治的研究进展

本文主要从生物因素方面考虑,分析了导致石质文物病害的主要原因和机理,并综述了国内外石质文物保护的现状、防治和修复方法。地衣是引起石质文物腐蚀的关键生物类群,与国外相比,目前国内专门针对地衣进行石质文物防治的研究鲜见报道。作者建议,石质文物的地衣生物腐蚀及防治研究应从以下方面入手：（1）石质文物地衣必须首先进行系统的种类调查;（2）对地衣腐蚀石质文物的机理进行深入研究;（3）探寻地衣病害安全有效的去除方法;（4）逐步探索地衣病害修复后的监测和预防方法。     

Does the Emperor Have Any Clothes: Using Mechanistic Information or Doing Houdini Risk Assessments?

Risk assessment research rarely quells controversy. Mega-mouse, and mega-rat, experiments contradicted a threshold for carcinogenesis, yet thresholds are still argued. High to low dose continuity of response from cigarette smoking to environmental tobacco smoke, and from occupational asbestos exposure to take-home asbestos, contradict thresholds in people. Nevertheless, mechanistic hypotheses allege “Houdini Risk Assessments”, which make risks disappear or allow industries to escape from protecting workers. Despite concerns for animal-to-human extrapolations, priority occupational exposures with sufficient or substantial evidence of carcinogenicity in people not addressed by new exposure limits include silica, sulfuric acid mist, chromates, diesel particulate matter, particulate matter generally, metalworking fluids, welding fume, and formaldehyde. “Houdini Risk Assessments” are exercises in “anti-hypothesis generation”: ignore selected tumor sites and types; ignore data from people (as with formaldehyde and diesel); choose the most resistant species in laboratory tests; select biochemical parameters in which the most resistant species resembles people; assume a mechanism that gives threshold or steep exposure response for carcinogenic effect; and reduce estimated people risk by the parameter ratio to the most resistant species. NORA research should focus on quantitative reconciliation of laboratory and epidemiology studies, and develop a counter “anti-hypothesis” generation research agenda for key exposure circumstances.     

Life cycle assessment for the implementation of emission control measures for the freight traffic with heavy duty vehicles in Germany

Under consideration of the overall Life Cycle Inventory Analysis (LCI) results generated in the first step of this study and based on the February 1999 edition of ISO/DIS 14042 the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) for the introduction of various emission control measures for freight traffic heavy duty vehicles in Germany was determined. For the examination of the several mandatory elements 11 impact categories related to the freight traffic and the LCI results were focussed, the LCI results were designed to these impact categories and with characterization factors of the 11 selected and recognized characterisation models the categories indicator endpoints were quantified. The optional elements for normalization and weighting were added to the analysis. Two reference values are used for normalizing the category indicator results. For the weighting step 8 recognized evaluation methods were selected with the aim to aggregate the LCI results to an overall value. The results enable plausible conclusions with regard to the ecological advantages and disadvantages of the use of each analysed emission control technology for heavy duty diesel vehicles. As no perfectly clear ranking can be distinguished for evaluation of the generated results and no correlation can be established to the economical effects of the corresponding measurements, it is necessary to complete the currently existing recommendation from the ISO/DIS-Standards with further parameters. Phase 1: Life Cycle Inventory Analysis. Int J LCA vn6 (4) 231–242(2001) Phase 3: Life Cycle Interpretation (DOI: http://dx.doi.oro/10.1065/ Ica2000.12.044.3)     

Life cycle assessment for the implementation of emission control measures for the freight traffic with heavy duty vehicles in Germany

The Life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) for the freight traffic with heavy duty vehicles in Germany was determined for the reference year 1995 and the target year 2010 by application of ISO 14040 and ISO 14041. Based on these results and under consideration of the dynamic development of road freight traffic with German heavy duty vehicles of >14 t max laden weight and composition of the German heavy duty vehicles fleet in this class the LCI for the introduction of various scenarios for reducing emissions from freight traffic was generated. Special emphasis was placed in the determination of the LCI for the implementation of primary, secondary and a combination of primary and secondary emission reduction measures for heavy duty diesel engines such as variation of diesel fuel characteristics, engine-based measures for exhaust gas optimisation, urea selective catalytic reduction (SCR) process with and without fuel consumption optimised diesel engines and particulate trap for exhaust gas optimised diesel engines with low sulphur diesel fuel. The overall environmental effects of the investigated measures on the other phases of the product life cycle of the freight traffic with heavy duty vehicles and on associated and new products to be introduced was included in the generated results for the LCI of each variant. For the implementation of the urea SCR process the results are based on manufacturer data for the overall production process of SCR honeycomb catalysts and SCR application measurements in engine and field test after a travelled distance of between 187,825 and 325,178 km under road traffic conditions with typical EURO 2 standard diesel engines for heavy duty vehicles with a max laden weight of >32 t under control of and data certification by TüV Automotive Bayern Sachsen GmbH. Phase 2: Life Cycle Impact Assessment (DOI: http://dx.doi.Org/10.1065/ Ica2000.12.044.2) Phase 3: Life Cycle Interpretation (DOI: http://dx.doi.orq/10.1065/ Ica2000.12.044.3)     

Mycobiota of the Takamatsuzuka and Kitora Tumuli in Japan,focusing on the molecular phylogenetic diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichoderma</Emphasis>

In an effort to clarify the cause of the deterioration of the colorfully painted murals that adorn the inner walls of the small stone chambers in the Takamatsuzuka and Kitora Tumuli in Japan, we enumerated the fungi that were isolated from moldy spots on the plaster walls collected between May 2004 and April 2005. The 262 fungal isolates from 79 samples of both tumuli were identified as approximately 100 species based on their phenotypic characters. Fusarium, Trichoderma, and Penicillium species were the predominant colonizers in the stone chamber interior and adjacent areas of both tumuli. In addition to the 28S phylogeny, neighbor-joining and Bayesian phylogenies of partial EF-1-alpha gene sequences revealed 24 genetically diverse fusaria in the Takamatsuzuka and Kitora Tumuli. Most of the fusaria were nested in clade 3 of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC); however, a few isolates were members of the F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC) clade or the F. avenaceum/F. tricinctum species complex clade. The FSSC isolates were compared with those detected in the Lascaux cave in France. In addition, a partial EF-1α gene phylogeny indicated that 13 Trichoderma isolates clustered in the Harzianum-Virens clade and 5 isolates in the Viride clade or Trichoderma sect. Longibrachiatum. Our analyses suggest that most of the fungi recovered from both tumuli are typically soil dwellers. First two authors contributed equally to this work     

3种海洋鱼类肝微粒体EROD活性的测定

根据鱼类的生态习性选择了暖温性近岸底层岩礁鱼类褐菖鲉和浅海底层鱼类黄鳍鲷和黑鲷作为实验动物,系统地研究了0#柴油WSF诱导组和对照组褐菖鲉肝微粒体EROD动力学反应系统的测定条件,确定了最适测定条件为:pH值7.60、温度15℃、底物7-乙氧基异吩恶唑浓度0.5μmol/L、样品蛋白量100—800μg、还原型辅酶II NADPH 70 nmol/mL。诱导组和对照组的最适反应条件没有差别,但是诱导组的酶活性比对照组的高;对照组和诱导组EROD的Km值分别为0.144μmol/L和0.357μmol/L,Vmax值分别为0.466 nmol min-1mg-1蛋白和2.360 nmol min-1mg-1蛋白。首次在我国建立了褐菖鲉肝微粒体EROD活性检测技术。此外,比较了上述3种实验鱼类肝微粒体EROD反应系统的最适pH值和最适温度。结果表明,与褐菖鲉不同,黄鳍鲷和黑鲷肝EROD反应最适pH值都是7.80,最适温度都是25℃。     

Analysis and Prediction of the Effective Thermal Conductivities of Meats

Published data of the effective thermal conductivities of meats were analyzed in relation to approximate compositions of the meats. On the basis of series heat conduction model, the “intrinsic” thermal conductivity value of meat protein was estimated to be 0.342 [W/m · °C] when unfrozen, and 0.581 [W/m · °C] when frozen. Using these “intrinsic” values and the series heat conduction model, the effective thermal conductivities of meats were reversely predicted from the contents of water and fat. Standard deviations of the published data from the predictions were ± 7.0% for unfrozen meats and ± 15.4% for frozen meats. If heat flow is parallel to the meat grain, published data for frozen meats are higher than the predictions by about 20% as a mean.     

Aerobiology: General and applied aspects in the conservation of art works

Summary In this review, sources of microbial contamination of air, factors affecting airborne spores survival, conditions that determine their composition and sampling methods are considered. The relation between airborne microorganisms and microorganisms colonizing surfaces of art works is also analyzed. Finally some advanced methods to detect and identify microorganisms responsible for alteration are suggested.     

Determination of gasoline range,diesel range,and mineral oil range organics in soils and water by flame lonization gas chromatography

This article describes a method for the determination of gasoline range, diesel range, and mineral oil range organics in soils and water. It represents the culmination of a series of efforts to go beyond typical GRO and DRO methodology currently available in the literature to include a quantitative determination of mineral oil organics having a boiling range up to C₄₄. It also is the result of an attempt to develop a cost‐effective method that enables the analyst to quantify three different types of hydrocarbon components in one GC run under conditions without a concentration step. Method performance is comparable to that of current protocols for GRO and DRO determinations and validated further by comparisons to certified standards and in‐house standards. Accuracy as percentage recovery for GRO in water is 82 to 84 and 91 to 92% for soils. Accuracy as percentage recovery for MRO in water is 84 to 102 and 75 to 80% for soils. Accuracy as percentage recovery for DRO in water is 78 to 100 and 71 to 90% for soils. Results from the analysis of in‐house standards and certified standards for DRO and MRO gave higher recoveries than was demonstrated in the MDL studies. The MDL for DRO in water is 31 mg/l and 14 mg/kg for soils. The MDL for GRO in water is 8 mg/l and 4 mg/kg for soils. For MRO in water, the MDL is 7 mg/l and for soils 10 mg/kg. Future proposed improvements to this method will involve updated software that will allow automatic blank subtraction, automatic calculation of surrogate recoveries and the automatic incorporation of dry weight factors in the final calculations for soils. In addition, a GRO method with a run time of only 24 min will be used routinely when only GRO analyses have to be performed.     

Characterization of a diesel-degrading bacterium, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</Emphasis> IU5, isolated from oil-contaminated soil in Korea

A diesel-degrading bacterium (strain IU5) isolated from oil-contaminated soil was characterized in this study. Fatty acid and 16s rDNA sequence analysis identified IU5 as a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and growth curve experiments identified the bacterium’s optimum conditions as pH 7 and 30 °C. P. aeruginosa IU5 degraded up to 60 of applied diesel (8500 mg/kg) over 13 days in a soil-slurry phase. In addition, this strain was able to grow on many other petroleum hydrocarbons as sole carbon sources, including crude oil, gasoline, benzene, toluene, xylene, and even PAHs such as naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene. Therefore, P. aeruginosa IU5 may be useful for bioremediation of soils and groundwater contaminated with a variety of hydrocarbons.