枝角类休眠卵形成和萌发的研究进展

综述了多年来国内外对枝角类休眠卵的研究概况,重点介绍了休眠卵的形态、形成的条件、保存方式及萌发条件等.休眠卵通常呈圆形或椭圆形,外被一层厚的卵膜.休眠卵的形成主要依赖于生物因子(遗传因素、种群密度等)和非生物因子(温度、食物、光照等)的作用.影响休眠卵萌发的因子有休眠卵的保存方式、保存时间、萌发阶段的光照及温度等.     

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1, a widespread Ca2+ channel, is a novel substrate of polo-like kinase 1 in eggs

To initiate embryo development, the sperm induces in the egg release of intracellular calcium ([Ca²⁺]_i). During oocyte maturation, the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP₃R1), the channel implicated, undergoes modifications that enhance its function. We found that IP₃R1 becomes phosphorylated during maturation at an MPM-2 epitope and that this persists until the fertilization-associated [Ca²⁺]_i responses cease. We also reported that maturation without ERK activity diminishes IP₃R1 MPM-2 reactivity and [Ca²⁺]_i responses. Here, we show that IP₃R1 is a novel target for Polo-like kinase1 (Plk1), a conserved M-phase kinase, which phosphorylates it at an MPM-2 epitope. Plk1 and IP₃R1 interact in an M-phase preferential manner, and they exhibit close co-localization in the spindle/spindle poles area. This co-localization is reduced in the absence of ERK activity, as the ERK pathway regulates spindle organization and IP₃R1 cortical re-distribution. We propose that IP₃R1 phosphorylation by Plk1, and possibly by other M-phase kinases, underlies the delivery of spatially and temporally regulated [Ca²⁺]_i signals during meiosis/mitosis and cytokinesis.     

中华绒螯蟹受精卵、流产卵氨基酸及脂肪酸组成的比较研究

采用气相色谱仪和氨基酸分析仪测定中华绒螯蟹不同种群 (太湖种群和温州种群 )受精卵和温州种群流产卵脂肪酸及氨基酸的组成。结果表明 ,中华绒螯蟹太湖种群受精卵、温州种群受精卵和温州种群流产卵在必需氨基酸和半必需氨基酸的含量上无显著差异 ,而谷氨酸 (Glu)、胱氨酸 (Cys)和丝氨酸 (Ser)三种非必需氨基酸的含量差异显著。太湖种群受精卵、温州种群受精卵及温州种群流产卵的脂肪酸种类分别为 16、13和 14种。饱和脂肪酸(SFA)占脂肪酸总量的 18 96 %— 2 3 0 9% ,单烯酸 (MUFA)占 5 1 76 %— 6 2 6 5 % ,多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)占14 2 7%— 2 8 96 % ,其中最主要的脂肪酸为C16∶0、C16∶1和C18∶1。除C2 0∶1外 ,其他脂肪酸含量在三者之间都有显著差异。太湖种群受精卵的C18∶2、C18∶3显著高于温州种群受精卵 ,而温州种群流产卵的DHA要显著高于太湖种群受精卵。温州种群受精卵和流产卵在C16以下的脂肪酸 ,其含量均无显著差异。此外 ,本文还讨论了脂肪酸及氨基酸含量与流产的关系及脂肪酸组成对出苗率的影响。     

No Evidence for Adaptive Micro-Evolution to a Decrease in Phosphorus-Loading of a Daphnia Population Inhabiting A Pre-Alpine Lake

Many polluted lakes in Europe are being restored and phosphorus concentrations have dropped dramatically in these lakes. We studied the genetic structure of Daphnia galeata over the past 30 years in Lake Greifensee, Switzerland, a period during which the phosphorus concentration in the lake reduced dramatically. Distinct genotypes of D. galeata were hatched from diapausing eggs extracted from six different time horizons in dated sediments. We compared juvenile growth, size and egg production of D. galeata reared on high-P and low-P algae to investigate whether Daphnia have evolved to grow better on phosphorus-limited algae. Our results indicate that life histories of D. galeata differed significantly between both food types. We also found significant clone effects for size and egg number. But we found no significant interaction between the depth from which the clones were selected and food quality. This means that we found no evidence for adaptive micro-evolution in response to P reduction in the lake. We discuss our results in relation to other studies that found evidence for adaptive micro-evolution in comparable time frames.     

水蚤滞育的数量遗传学研究:遗传与环境控制及遗传作用

在单性生殖循环水蚤群体中,滞育卵由有性生殖产生．在一系列实验中用到了不同种群和种类的水蚤,通过这些实验来观察：1)有性生殖和滞育卵复苏的遗传和环境控制;2)生活在相同区域中,但有不同生存微环境的近缘种类的有性生殖的光周期反应;3)在群体遗传结构上有性生殖的遗传效应(基因型均值和生活史性状遗传方差)．结果发现：1)遗传作用和环境作用,以及两者的相互作用都对有性生殖和滞育卵的孵化有显著的影响．GE显著的相互作用对环境中观察到的有性生殖来说,有助于维持其较高的遗传方差;2)在相同区域中,不同生存微环境的近缘种类的有性生殖的光周期反应有所不同．这有助于进一步区别近缘的水蚤种类,这也可能是一个水环境中同素异形的物种形成的例子;3)在有性生殖上,生活史性状平均值和遗传方差变化与前代选择造成的均值和遗传方差相反(遗传滑阻),这会造成暂时的适应不良(遗传滑阻和隐藏的遗传变异的表达),应对它补偿滞育的进化优势．     

Females from resting eggs and parthenogenetic eggs in the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus: lipid droplets, starvation resistance and reproduction

1. In the heterogonic life cycle of monogonont rotifers, amictic (female‐producing) females develop from two types of eggs: fertilised resting (diapausing) eggs and parthenogenetic subitaneous eggs. Females hatched from resting eggs initiate clonal populations by female parthenogenesis and are called stem females. This study compares females from resting and parthenogenetic eggs that were produced under identical culture conditions and were of similar birth order. 2. Newborn stem females had many more lipid droplets in their tissues than similar‐sized, newborn females from parthenogenetic eggs. When neonates were stained with Nile Red and viewed under epifluorescent illumination, these droplets were shown to be sites of neutral‐lipid storage products. 3. Stem females had no posterolateral spines and short anterior spines, while their mothers and offspring in subsequent, parthenogenetic generations typically had long posterolateral spines and elongated anterior spines. 4. Newborn stem females survived starvation significantly longer than newborn females from parthenogenetic eggs. 5. When females from resting and parthenogenetic eggs were cultured from birth to death at a high food concentration, the reproductive potential (r day^?1) of the stem females was significantly higher (0.82–0.88 versus 0.70), primarily because of egg production at an earlier age. The mean lifetime fecundity (R_o) of stem females was significantly greater than that of females from parthenogenetic eggs. 6. Extensive lipid reserves should increase the ability of stem females to colonise new habitats. Firstly, compared with females from parthenogenetic eggs, stem females are more likely to experience starvation or food limitation. Resting eggs hatch in response to physical and chemical factors that are not directly related to food availability, and from sediments that may be far from food‐rich surface waters. Secondly, when food is abundant, stem females have a greater reproductive potential.     

Age, distribution and abundance of viable resting eggs of Acartia pacifica (Copepoda: Calanoida) in Xiamen Bay, China

The distribution and abundance of viable resting eggs of copepod Acartia pacifica in Xiamen Bay, China, were determined in the laboratory by the presence of nauplii hatched from the sediments. Sediment cores to a depth of 30 cm, sliced at 1.0 cm intervals, showed that most viable resting eggs of A. pacifica occurred near the sediment surface (0-5 cm), and the number of viable eggs sharply decreased with depth of the sediment, although resting eggs remained viable as deep as 23 cm. ²¹⁰Pb analyses of the sediments indicated that the maximum age of viable eggs of A. pacifica was 20.5 years and the mean egg age was 4.3 years. The egg mortality of A. pacifica in the sediment was 0.1408 year⁻¹, or 85.92% annual egg survival, calculated by regressing ln(egg density) on the age of the sediment. The horizontal distribution of viable resting eggs ranged from 2.27×10³ to 3.85×10⁵ m⁻², with a mean value of 9.49×10⁴ m⁻². Regressions between viable eggs of A. pacifica and all fine-fraction particle size classes (at 2 μm intervals) were not significant. The accumulation of viable resting eggs that can persist for an extended period of time provided evidence for the existence of an egg bank of A. pacifica in the seabed of Xiamen Bay.     

Spine development in Brachionus quadridentatus from an Australian billabong: genetic variation and induction by Asplanchna

Fertilized resting eggs of Australian Brachionus quadridentatus hatched 2–3 days after hydration into females with or, more frequently, without posterior lateral spines. These females then produced clones with short-spined or long-spined phenotypes. Asplanchna girodi induced females from two short-spined clones and one long-spined clone to produce daughters with significantly longer posterior lateral spines. In all clones, there were significant differences in spine development among offspring of mothers within Asplanchna and control treatments. The range of phenotypes reported in one short-spined clone is observed in the billabong and includes much of the variation described for the species, with mehleni (long-spined) phenotypes occurring with Asplanchna. In B. quadridentatus, the ecological significance of long-spined, basic phenotypes, and of the spine-development response to Asplanchna, is unclear. In laboratory cultures, females of all clones were attached to the substratum or water surface, and were safe from Asplanchna; in nature, females are epiphytic and probably rarely susceptible to Asplanchna. Most (96%) resting eggs produced in cultures and kept under culture conditions hatched after a 7-day latent period. This raises questions regarding natural conditions which might prevent hatching and allow accumulation of resting eggs in a sediment egg bank. Hatching of resting eggs in nature may be enhanced in sediments which dry and then become flooded after rains.     

新疆石河子棉蚜越冬卵的发育规律

棉蚜雌性蚜交配个体平均产卵量为 6 3± 1 1粒 ;未交配个体也产卵 ,卵亦变色 ,但卵量极少。越冬卵经 5 %NaOH浸泡 2 4h后卵壳透明 ,镜下观察可见受精卵胚胎发育到体躯分节期开始越冬。冬后胚胎发育仅处在颗粒团状的饱满卵应为无效卵 ,不会孵化 ;颜色发亮的卵处理后胚胎外貌清晰可见 ,此种卵当天即可破壳。棉蚜卵为滞育卵 ,春季降水对孵化有促进作用 ;室外棉蚜卵的饱满率和饱满卵的孵化率较低。该地区秋冬气候特点可能是石河子地区棉蚜卵低温条件下安全越冬的重要因素     

The interplay between colonization history and gene flow in passively dispersing zooplankton: microsatellite analysis of rotifer resting egg banks

Zooplanktonic organisms that disperse passively as diapausing eggs often exhibit surprisingly strong population subdivision given their high colonization ability. Here we attempt to disentangle the impacts of colonization history and gene flow on these organisms by studying the population genetic structure of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. The resting egg banks of B. plicatilis in fourteen salt lake populations in the Iberian Peninsula were examined using seven microsatellite loci. A remarkably high degree of geographical structuring was found (F_st=0.43), with a significant pattern of isolation by distance. Microsatellite loci were in genetic equilibrium, ruling out inbreeding as an important force in population structuring. Comparisons are drawn with previously published phylogeographical data. Surprisingly, introgression of nuclear genes was detected in neighbouring populations with divergent mtDNA haplotypes. These results stress the long lasting impact of colonization history and the modulating effect of gene flow at local scales in these organisms.