Effect of 1,3;1,6-β-D-glucans on Developing Sea Urchin Embryos

The effect of 1,3;1,6-beta-D-glucooligo- and polysaccharides with different structures (from 1 to 10 kDa of molecular mass; from 10-25% of beta-1,6-linked glucose residues content) on the developing embryos of sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus intermedius, was evaluated for the screening of potential positive stimulants. 1,3;1,6-beta-D-glucans with a molecular mass of between 6-10 kDa and at concentrations of 0.05-0.25 mg/ml shown the best modulator effect on the sea urchin embryos. 1,3;1,6-beta-D-glucans increased the survival of the sea urchin embryos up to 2.5-fold compared with the control animals.     

Global diversity and adaptations of avian eggshell thickness indices

The amniote eggshell is a fundamental aspect of the embryo life-support system, protecting it from UV light, microbes and mechanical damage, while regulating gas exchange and providing calcium for growth. The thickness of eggshells is highly diverse across modern birds and influences multiple eggshell functions, yet the selective pressures driving eggshell thickness have not been clearly identified. Here, we use a global dataset of avian eggshell thickness indices for 4260 (> 41%) avian species to assess trends in eggshell thickness across the phylogeny, as these indices are strongly correlated with direct measures of eggshell thickness and are non-destructive to the sample. We analysed the dataset within a phylogenetic framework to assess the relative importance of climatic and ecological explanations for variation in eggshell thickness indices. The distribution of avian eggshell thickness indices across species was found to be primarily driven by phylogenetic relatedness, in addition to evolutionary processes that do not match a Brownian model of evolution. Across modern birds, thicker eggshells were more prevalent in species (1) with precocial young, (2) which exhibit a scavenger-based diet, (3) which primarily feed on vertebrates or plants (excluding nectivores, seed and fruit specialists) and (4) which breed in open habitats. Thicker eggshells found in species with precocial young probably enable higher rates of calcium removal for the more advanced embryo development. Excessive light transmission through the shell damages developing embryos, while too little light transmission can impede development. Eggs in shaded habitats experience low light exposure, and thus thinner shells are more prevalent in these environments potentially to increase light transmission through the shell. Overall, variation in eggshell thickness indices appears to be driven largely by phylogeny, with certain life-history traits linked to embryo growth rate, calcium content of their food, and the need to mitigate excessive light transmission through the shell.     

沃尔巴克氏菌调控小茶尺蠖和灰茶尺蠖杂交卵孵化

【目的】明确沃尔巴克氏菌Wolbachia对茶尺蠖两近缘种杂交卵孵化的影响及相关机制。【方法】使用2.5 mg/mL四环素浸液处理1 min后的新鲜茶树叶片连续饲喂灰茶尺蠖Ectropis grisescens幼虫3代,建立不携带Wolbachia的灰茶尺蠖种群。通过携带和不携带Wolbachia的灰茶尺蠖成虫分别与小茶尺蠖E.obliqua成虫进行杂交,探究Wolbachia对二者杂交卵孵化的影响。同时利用iTRAQ技术检测并分析携带和不携带Wolbachia的灰茶尺蠖精子蛋白的差异。【结果】与自然携带Wolbachia的灰茶尺蠖相比,去除Wolbachia后的灰茶尺蠖与小茶尺蠖杂交卵孵化率从3.92%显著提高到56.20%,表明Wolbachia诱导胞质不亲合。精子蛋白差异分析显示,携带和不携带Wolbachia的灰茶尺蠖的精子蛋白中,共有128个蛋白显著差异表达,其中KEGG数据库注释到45个差异蛋白富集到鞘脂类代谢、唾液分泌、溶酶体、鞘脂信号通路和鞘糖脂生物合成等106个通路中,其中鞘脂类代谢通路中与神经酰胺合成相关的神经酰胺酶和磷酸酯酶显著上调表达。【结论】共生菌Wolbac...     

枝角类休眠卵形成和萌发的研究进展

综述了多年来国内外对枝角类休眠卵的研究概况,重点介绍了休眠卵的形态、形成的条件、保存方式及萌发条件等.休眠卵通常呈圆形或椭圆形,外被一层厚的卵膜.休眠卵的形成主要依赖于生物因子(遗传因素、种群密度等)和非生物因子(温度、食物、光照等)的作用.影响休眠卵萌发的因子有休眠卵的保存方式、保存时间、萌发阶段的光照及温度等.     

Effect of incubation temperature on the hatching of rotifer resting eggs collected from sediments

Sediment samples from Loch Leven, Scotland, were incubated at 5°C, 10°C and 15°C to induce hatching of rotifer resting eggs. The emergent animals were identified and counted. The temperature which induced hatching varied among the nine species studied. These results are discussed in relation to seasonality and temperature preferences previously recorded for the most abundant species. Resting egg densities of 2.2–13.9 eggs cm^–3 were recorded in the upper 5 cm of sediment.     

中华绒螯蟹受精卵、流产卵氨基酸及脂肪酸组成的比较研究

采用气相色谱仪和氨基酸分析仪测定中华绒螯蟹不同种群 (太湖种群和温州种群 )受精卵和温州种群流产卵脂肪酸及氨基酸的组成。结果表明 ,中华绒螯蟹太湖种群受精卵、温州种群受精卵和温州种群流产卵在必需氨基酸和半必需氨基酸的含量上无显著差异 ,而谷氨酸 (Glu)、胱氨酸 (Cys)和丝氨酸 (Ser)三种非必需氨基酸的含量差异显著。太湖种群受精卵、温州种群受精卵及温州种群流产卵的脂肪酸种类分别为 16、13和 14种。饱和脂肪酸(SFA)占脂肪酸总量的 18 96 %— 2 3 0 9% ,单烯酸 (MUFA)占 5 1 76 %— 6 2 6 5 % ,多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)占14 2 7%— 2 8 96 % ,其中最主要的脂肪酸为C16∶0、C16∶1和C18∶1。除C2 0∶1外 ,其他脂肪酸含量在三者之间都有显著差异。太湖种群受精卵的C18∶2、C18∶3显著高于温州种群受精卵 ,而温州种群流产卵的DHA要显著高于太湖种群受精卵。温州种群受精卵和流产卵在C16以下的脂肪酸 ,其含量均无显著差异。此外 ,本文还讨论了脂肪酸及氨基酸含量与流产的关系及脂肪酸组成对出苗率的影响。     

A reliable method for sexing unincubated bird eggs for studying primary sex ratio

In birds, offspring sex ratio manipulation by mothers is now well established with potentially important consequences for evolution and animal breeding. In most studies on primary sex ratio of birds, eggs are sexed after incubation by the use of PCR methods targeted to the sex-linked CHD1 genes. Sexing of unincubated eggs would be preferred, but as fertile and infertile blastodiscs cannot be distinguished macroscopically, errors could arise from PCR amplifications of parental DNA associated with the vitelline membrane of infertile eggs. In this study, we stained blastodiscs without the vitelline membrane with Hoechst 33342. This allowed unequivocal distinction between fertile and infertile blastodiscs. Fertile blastodiscs contained thousands of fluorescent nuclei, whereas no nuclei were seen in infertile eggs. In addition, after nucleic acid analysis, fertile blastodiscs yielded much stronger chromosomal DNA and CHD1-targeted PCR bands on agarose gels compared with infertile blastodiscs. These findings indicate that fertile blastodiscs contain much more embryonic DNA than parental DNA, allowing reliable sexing of the fertile eggs. The differences between fertile and infertile blastodiscs in chromosomal DNA and CHD1 PCR banding intensities alone could also be used to distinguish fertile from infertile eggs without using Hoechst staining. We conclude that identifying fertile blastodiscs either by Hoechst staining or by analyzing the yield of chromosomal DNA and CHD1-PCR products, combined with CHD1-targeted PCR amplification, presents an easy and reliable method to sex unincubated eggs.     

Effects of grapevine bunch exposure to sunlight on berry surface temperature and Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) egg laying,hatching and larval settlement

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Reproduction and growth of the black shore skink,Leiolopisma suteri (Lacertilia: Scincidae), in north‐eastern New Zealand

Reproduction and growth of a boulder beach population of the nocturnal skink Leiolopisma suteri on Motutapu Island were studied for 19 months. Epididymes contain sperm from April to November, and copulation probably occurs in October or November (spring). Ovulation occurs in late October or early November, and three or four (mean, 3.7) eggs are laid in late December. Incubation takes 3 months. Total development time from ovulation to hatching is 5 months, one of the longest development periods recorded for Scincidae. Growth to sexual maturity is slow, most females depositing their first clutch 33 months after hatching; males mature at 29 months.     

Viability of invertebrate diapausing eggs exposed to saltwater: implications for Great Lakes’ ship ballast management

International shipping has been the dominant vector of nonindigenous species introductions to the Laurentian Great Lakes over the past century. Apparent ballast-mediated invasions have been recorded in recent years, despite the implementation of voluntary ballast water exchange regulations in 1989. Since unregulated no-ballast-on-board vessels currently dominate inbound traffic to the Great Lakes, it has been proposed that live or dormant organisms contained in residual ballast of these vessels may be partially responsible for recent invasions. Alternatively, euryhaline species may pose a significant invasion threat because they can potentially survive ballast exchange. In this study, we explored whether exposure to open-ocean water (32) reduced the viability of invertebrate diapausing eggs in ballast sediments. Sediments collected from three transoceanic ships and from three freshwater habitats were exposed to open-ocean seawater. Egg viability, assessed as the abundance of taxa hatched between exposed and unexposed sediments, was not affected by saltwater exposure in any experiment. Species richness of hatched diapausing eggs was reduced by saltwater exposure in only one of seven trials. Our results indicate that oligostenohaline zooplankton may pose an invasion risk because their diapausing eggs are largely resistant to exposure to open-ocean saltwater.