拟黑多刺蚁成虫头部USP基因的定位与定量分析及其与EcR基因相关性

【目的】超气门蛋白（ultraspiracle protein, USP）是蜕皮激素作用靶标的重要组成部分。本研究拟通过分析在拟黑多刺蚁Polyrhachis vicina Roger USP基因PvUSP在不同品级成虫头部mRNA表达的差异,推测PvUSP对其脑神经功能或行为的影响;拟通过饲喂PvUSP dsRNA对拟黑多刺蚁不同品级成虫PvUSP进行RNA干扰（RNAi）,推测PvUSP对虫体生理功能的影响及其与蜕皮激素受体（ecdysone receptor, EcR）基因PvEcR之间功能的相关性。【方法】利用荧光原位杂交及荧光实时定量PCR技术对拟黑多刺蚁不同品级成虫头部PvUSP mRNA组织分布与表达水平进行检测;通过饲喂PvUSP dsRNA对拟黑多刺蚁不同品级成虫PvUSP进行RNAi,采用荧光实时定量PCR检测拟黑多刺蚁PvUSP与PvEcR表达水平的变化。【结果】PvUSP mRNA广泛表达于拟黑多刺蚁不同品级成虫头部（主要分布于蕈形体）,不同品级成虫头部PvUSP mRNA的表达量不同,工蚁头部表达量最高,雄蚁头部次之,雌蚁头部的表达量最低;RNAi沉默PvUSP后,与对照组相比,PvUSP mRNA在不同品级拟黑多刺蚁成虫体内表达量均明显降低,并存在显著差异(P<0.01);与对照组相比,PvEcR mRNA在各品级表达量均有增加,工蚁和雄蚁表达量变化不显著（P>0.05）,但雌蚁体内PvEcR mRNA表达量显著增加（P<0.05）。【结论】PvUSP基因对拟黑多刺蚁不同品级头部神经系统的构建、功能作用的发挥有关;拟黑多刺蚁PvUSP基因与PvEcR基因可能在异源二聚体形成过程中存在关联性或功能的互补性;PvUSP可能对雌蚁的生殖功能产生重要影响。     

昆虫TMED基因进化及家蚕TMED基因表达模式分析

跨膜p24 (transmembrane emp24 domain, TMED)基因与哺乳动物的免疫反应、信号传导、生长发育和疾病发展等密切相关。然而,昆虫中仅有果蝇TMED的报道。本研究从基因组鉴定了家蚕、赤拟谷盗、烟草天蛾和意大利蜂的TMED家族基因,并发现1个α类、1个β类、1个δ类和多个γ类的TMED家族基因成员构成模式产生于膜翅目分化前昆虫的共同祖先,而果蝇类TMED家族成员构成在进化中形成了独特模式。昆虫TMED家族γ类基因进化速度较快,分化成了TMED6-like、TMED5-like和TMED3-like这3个独立的亚类。TMED5-like基因在膜翅目昆虫发生了丢失,在鳞翅目昆虫祖先中发生了复制,在果蝇类发生了重复。昆虫TMED蛋白除具有典型的TMED结构特征外,还有明显的信号肽。家蚕7个TMED基因分布在6条染色体上,1个基因为单外显子,6个基因为多外显子。从幼虫组织克隆了家蚕7个TMED基因的开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF)全序列并登录到GenBank数据库。BmTMED1、BmTMED2和BmTMED6在家蚕各个时期和组织中均表达,所...     

两种麦蚜取食诱导小麦抗性品种后对后来取食蚜生物学特性的影响

刺吸式昆虫在刺吸作物韧皮部取食后会影响作物的正常生长发育,随着作物抗性及昆虫种类的不同,作物反过来也会对昆虫造成或正或反的影响,然而一种刺吸式昆虫取食后对后来者有什么样的影响目前尚不确定。本研究通过严谨的实验方法,即选定3个不同国家的小麦抗性品种98-10-30、Amigo和Batis,在所有条件严格统一的人工智能控制温室内,通过各处理在同一植株上先后不同的接蚜方式,分别测定了麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)和麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae Fab.在前期被蚜虫危害的抗虫品种98-10-30、Amigo和Batis上的发育历期、体重差及相对日均体重增长率(mean relative growth rate MRGR)等生物学参数。结果表明：品种不同,蚜虫在不同处理条件下取食作物时受到的影响也不同,即在品种98-10-30上,通过与前期不接虫的对照及前期接不同麦蚜的相关处理比较,麦长管蚜对后期取食的麦二叉蚜(MRGR=0.0974±0.0071)具有抑制作用,而麦二叉蚜对后期取食的麦长管蚜(MRGR=0.1614±0.0048)却有促进作用;在品种Amigo上,前期麦蚜的危害对麦长管蚜的取食具有促进作用,而在品种Batis上前期危害对麦二叉蚜的取食具有促进作用。同时明确了3个品种对两种蚜虫的抗性状况,即在前期无蚜虫危害时,品种98-10-30和Batis对两种麦蚜的抗性相当;在前期有麦蚜危害时,品种98-10-30对麦二叉蚜的抗性较好,而品种Batis对麦长管蚜的抗性较好;品种Amigo无论在任何处理下均对麦二叉蚜的抗性较好。     

变温和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲发育速率的影响

沙葱萤叶甲为近年来在内蒙古草原猖獗成灾的新害虫,为明确温度对其发育速率的影响,分别设置5个变温组合(8/20℃,11/23℃,14/26℃,17/29℃和20/32℃)和6个恒温(13℃,17℃,21℃,25℃,29℃和33℃),比较了变温和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹发育速率的影响。结果表明,不同变温组合和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹的发育速率有显著的影响。发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,在变温条件下,1龄幼虫期、2龄幼虫期、3龄幼虫期、总幼虫期和蛹期分别从最低温度组合(8/20℃,平均15℃)的11.00,13.44,23.18,46.42和16.89 d,缩短至最高温度组合(20/32℃,平均27℃)的4.92,4.63,9.17,17.83和5.83 d;在恒温条件下,13℃下幼虫不能发育和存活,1龄幼虫期、2龄幼虫期、3龄幼虫期、总幼虫期和蛹期分别从17℃的14.50,10.75,20.63,45.50和11.00 d,缩短至33℃的6.10,5.47,10.60,22.17和5.33 d。在变温条件下,幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为7.44℃和8.48℃,有效积温分别为344.82日度和113.52日度;在恒温条件下,幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为0.64℃和5.11℃,有效积温分别为714.28日度和147.06日度。变温促进了沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹的发育,本研究结果为沙葱萤叶甲的预测预报及综合防控提供了科学依据。     

Thermal acclimation and hardening in tadpoles of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana

1. 1.|Critical thermal maxima (CTMax) and minima (CTMin) were measured to evalute thermal hardening in Rana catesbeiana.

2. 2.|Tadpoles show heat hardening and CTMax acclimation, and both responses are influenced by developmental stage.

3. 3.|The first evidence of cold hardening in vertebrates is reported here.

4. 4.|Heat hardening significantly reduces cold tolerance, but there is otherwise no evidence of a cross-hardening effect.

鹅掌柴花蜜腺的发育解剖学研究

对鹅掌柴(Scheffler octophylla Harms．)花蜜腺的发育进行解剖结构观察。鹅掌柴花盘蜜腺位于下位子房上方环绕花柱基部。蜜腺由分泌表皮、产蜜组织组成,心皮维管束与其相邻并发出一些伸入蜜腺基部的短分枝。蜜腺起源于心皮原基基部外侧的几层细胞。鹅掌柴花蜜腺为淀粉型蜜腺,淀粉粒为许多微小颗粒聚集成的复粒。原蜜汁由蜜腺基部维管束的筛管提供,达产蜜组织细胞和表皮细胞后以淀粉粒的形式贮藏。泌出的蜜汁一部分来自淀粉粒的降解,一部分来自泌蜜期输入的原蜜汁。表皮和产蜜组织细胞均具泌蜜功能。泌出的蜜汁大部分通过气孔排出,还有部分由角质层渗出。     

A novel plasma membrane-bound thioredoxin from soybean

Two thioredoxin cDNAs from soybean were isolated by screening an expression library using an anti-(plasma membrane) serum. The nucleotide sequences of the two cDNAs were found to be 89% identical. The polypeptides encoded by the two cDNAs, designated TRX1 and TRX2, contain a disulfide active site, as found in other thioredoxins. TRX1 was expressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli and shown to possess thiol-disufide interchange activity. Unlike other eukaryotic thioredoxins, these two soybean thioredoxins contain a putative transmembrane domain in their N-terminal regions. To determine subcellular location, the TRX1 was fused with a reporter epitope at its C-terminus and expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. The fusion protein was co-purified with plasma membrane markers 1,3-glucan synthase and vanadate-sensitive ATPase, indicating the plasma membrane location of TRX1. When the reporter epitope was inserted between the start codon and the transmembrane domain in the N-terminus, the fusion protein was found in the soluble fraction, possibly due to disruption of the transmembrane domain by the highly hydrophilic epitope sequence. Taken together, our results demonstrate that soybean TRX1 is a plasma membrane-bound thioredoxin, which is most likely anchored to the membrane through the N-terminal transmembrane domain. It is known that plant plasma membranes contain various proteins with thiol-disulfide interchange activity. The soybean thioredoxins reported here are the first group of such proteins to be characterized at the molecular level. However, the biological function of the plasma membrane-bound thioredoxin remains to be determined.     

Sex determination and optimal development in the Moorish gecko,Tarentola mauritanica

Under temperature sex determination (TSD), sex is determined by temperature during embryonic development. Depending on ecological and physiological traits and plasticity, TSD species may face demographic collapse due to climate change. In this context, asymmetry in bilateral organisms can be used as a proxy for developmental instability and, therefore, deviations from optimal incubation conditions. Using Tarentola mauritanica gecko as a model, this study aimed first to confirm TSD, its pattern and pivotal temperature, and second to assess the local adaptation of TSD and variation of asymmetry patterns across four populations under different thermal regimes. Eggs were incubated at different temperatures, and hatchlings were sexed and measured. The number of lamellae was counted in adults and hatchlings. Results were compatible with a TSD pattern with males generated at low and females at high incubation temperatures. Estimated pivotal temperature coincided with the temperature producing lower embryonic mortality, evidencing selection towards balanced sex ratios. The temperature of oviposition was conservatively selected by gravid females. Asymmetry patterns found were likely related to nest temperature fluctuations. Overall, the rigidity of TSD may compromise reproductive success, and demographic stability in this species in case thermal nest choice becomes constrained by climate change.     

温度对双委夜蛾种群生态学特征的影响

【目的】双委夜蛾Athetis dissimilis(Hampson)是新发现的一种农业害虫,为探索温度对双委夜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响。【方法】在室内l6,21,26,30,34(±1)℃,RH为70%±5%、光周期为14L︰10D条件下,测定了双委夜蛾各发育阶段的发育历期、存活率及成虫产卵量,组建了双委夜蛾的实验种群生命表。【结果】结果表明,双委夜蛾各虫态的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短;世代发育起点温度(C)为9.88℃,有效积温(K)为906.53日·度;卵的孵化率在不同的温度下无显著差异;幼虫存活率、化蛹率和羽化率则以21~30℃为最高;成虫的产卵量以21~26℃为最高,而在16℃和30℃时显著降低,在34℃下成虫不能交配,30℃成虫交配率仅为46%;生命表分析表明,26℃双委夜蛾的种群趋势指数和内禀增长率取得最大值,分别为98.5和0.1。【结论】21~26℃是最适宜双委夜蛾生长发育和繁殖的温度范围。