新疆不同棉花品种烟粉虱实验种群

在实验室条件下［温度(26±1) ℃,相对湿度(75±1)%,光照L∶D=16∶8］研究了烟粉虱在新疆棉田主栽品种新陆早8号、新陆早16号、新陆早17号、中棉35号、抗5和岱80棉花品种上的存活率、产卵量和寿命等,组建了实验种群生命表,估测了种群净增殖率(R₀)、内禀增长力(r_m)、平均世代周期(T)和周限增长率(λ)等生殖力参数.结果表明：烟粉虱在不同棉花品种上的形态大小、发育历期、存活率及产卵量均存在显著差异.比较烟粉虱种群在6种棉花品种上的世代存活率和繁殖力,其在新陆早16号上发育速度最快、产卵量最高,而在抗5上各种生命参数相对较低.新陆早16号是烟粉虱种群生长发育最适宜的棉花品种,其次为中棉35号,抗5是烟粉虱种群最不适宜的品种.     

圈养大熊猫野化培训期的生境选择特征

大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)是我国特有的珍稀物种,也是世界上最濒危的野生动物之一。为了将人工繁育的部分大熊猫个体重引入其历史分布区或复壮野生种群,中国保护大熊猫研究中心从2003年开始进行圈养大熊猫的野外放归工作,通过野化培训以提高圈养大熊猫适应和选择野外环境的能力。对野化培训大熊猫"淘淘"的生境选择研究表明:该野化培训大熊猫幼仔经常活动于新笋密度较大的区域[生境与对照:(2.68±1.14)对(1.58±0.66)],却避开成竹密度过大[(9.91±2.51)对(12.18±4.68)]、竹子较高[(4.57±1.09) m对(4.98±0.66) m]以及枯死竹过多[(2.52±0.86)对(3.39±1.33)]的区域;喜欢活动于离水源[(1.59±0.67)对(2.19±0.87)]和隐蔽场所较近[(5.37±2.14) m对(8.35±7.76)m],以及距离乔木较远[(3.09±0.69) m对(2.70±0.42) m]和郁闭度较低[(1.85±0.57)对(2.10±0.47)]的区域(P < 0.05),新笋密度大小是该栖息地在整个野化培训期间是否被利用的最重要因素。该野化培训大熊猫幼仔保持着与带仔母兽相近的生境选择特征,对竹子环境的选择也与卧龙野生大熊猫相似,野化培训对该大熊猫幼仔产生了积极的作用。野化培训大熊猫幼仔形成的家域和核域面积分别为9.21 hm² 和1.93 hm²,占野化培训圈面积的51.95%和10.89%,其中家域面积仅有卧龙野生大熊猫的1.4%-2.4%,所以在以后的野化培训过程中需要采取增加野化培训圈中环境丰富度等方式,促进野化培训大熊猫形成较大的家域面积。     

2种调查方法对四川黑竹沟国家级自然保护区3种雉类种群密度调查的比较

种群数量是物种的重要生态学基础资料,合适的密度调查方法是数量估算的基础。2016年4—5月,采用广泛应用于鸡形目Galliformes鸟类种群密度调查的样线法和样点法,调查了四川黑竹沟国家级自然保护区3种鸡形目鸟类(白腹锦鸡Chrysolophus amherstiae、红腹角雉Tragopan temminckii和血雉Ithaginis cruentus)的种群密度。样线法和样点法估算的雄体密度分别是:白腹锦鸡1.20只/km²和(6.31±0.98)只/km²,红腹角雉5.41只/km²和(0.39±0.17)只/km²,血雉3.01只/km²和(5.97±2.70)只/km²。除红腹角雉外,样点法估算的白腹锦鸡、血雉种群密度均大于样线法。建议针对不同鸡形目鸟类采用不同的调查方法,并尽量扩大样本数量,从而提高调查结果的准确性。     

Nuclear-encoded chloroplast RNA polymerase sigma factor SIG2 activates chloroplast-encoded phycobilisome genes in a red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae

The phycobilisome (PBS) is a photosynthetic light-harvesting complex in red algae, whose structural genes are separately encoded by both the nuclear and chloroplast genomes. While the expression of PBS genes in both genomes is responsive to environmental changes to modulate light-harvesting efficiency, little is known about how gene expression of the two genomes is coordinated. In this study, we focused on the four nuclear-encoded chloroplast sigma factors to understand aspects of this coordination, and found that SIG2 directs the expression of chloroplast PBS genes in the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae.     

Induced electric field and current density patterns in bone fractures

We have used the low frequency solver of the computer program SEMCAD‐X to model the induced electric field and current density patterns in simple models of a fractured femur embedded off‐center in cylindrical muscle tissue; a 1 cm fracture gap is filled with callus. The model is exposed to a 1 kHz, 1 mT sinusoidal magnetic field. The frequency chosen is typical of the major Fourier components of many waveforms used to stimulate fracture healing using pulsed magnetic fields; the intensity is also a typical level. Models include fractures perpendicular to the bone and at an angle from the perpendicular, each exposed to a field applied parallel to the bone or parallel to either of the two axes perpendicular to it. We find that all directions of applied magnetic fields produce essentially parallel induced electric fields and current densities through the plane of the callus, but that a magnetic field applied parallel to the bone induces considerably higher fields and currents than the same strength field applied in either perpendicular direction. Because investigations of pulsed‐field devices, including modeling of induced fields and currents, peaked more than a decade ago, this is the first application to our knowledge of the current capabilities of computer modeling systems to biological systems at low frequencies. Bioelectromagnetics 33:585–593, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Differential leaf expansion can enable hydraulic acclimation to sun and shade

Although leaf size is one of the most responsive plant traits to environmental change, the functional benefits of large versus small leaves remain unclear. We hypothesized that modification of leaf size within species resulting from differences in irradiance can allow leaves to acclimate to different photosynthetic or evaporative conditions while maintaining an efficient balance between hydraulic supply (vein density) and evaporative demand. To test this, we compared the function and anatomy of leaf hydraulic systems in the leaves of a woody angiosperm (Toona ciliata M. Roem.) grown under high and low irradiance in controlled conditions. Our results confirm that in this species, differential leaf expansion regulates the density of veins and stomata such that leaf hydraulic conductance and stomatal conductance remain proportional. A broader sample of field-grown tree species suggested that differences in leaf venation and stomatal traits induced by sun and shade were not regulated by leaf size in all cases. Our results, however, suggest that leaf size plasticity can provide an efficient way for plants to acclimate hydraulic and stomatal conductances to the contrasting evaporative conditions of sun and shade.     

班氏跳小蜂对扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生功能反应

为评估班氏跳小蜂Aenasius bambawalei Hayat对其寄主扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley的控制作用, 在实验室条件下（温度25±1℃, 相对湿度70%±5%, 光周期14L∶10D）, 研究了班氏跳小蜂对扶桑绵粉蚧3龄若虫、 雌成虫的寄生功能反应及其自身密度效应。结果表明: 寄生功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程, 且受寄主密度和寄生物密度的影响。当扶桑绵粉蚧 3龄若虫和雌成虫的密度分别大于15头/容器和10头/容器时, 班氏跳小蜂的寄生量增加幅度开始减小; 以瞬间攻击率/处理时间（α/Th)为评价指标, 班氏跳小蜂雌蜂寄生扶桑绵粉蚧3龄若虫时, α/Th为21.1307, 且大于雌蜂寄生雌成虫的情况（α/Th为6.2506）; 班氏跳小蜂寄生功能反应有较强的种内干扰作用, 随着自身密度的增加, 寄生效能逐渐降低; 通过方程E=QP^-m能很好地模拟班氏跳小蜂的寻找效应（E）与其自身密度（P）之间的关系, 对于3龄若虫和雌成虫的模拟结果分别为E=0.2931P^-0.6240和E=0.0944P^-0.4840。本研究为利用班氏跳小蜂开展扶桑绵粉蚧生物防治提供了基础数据和方法。     

Effects of age and physical performance capacity on distribution and composition of high-density lipoprotein subfractions in men

The influences of age and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) on serum lipoproteins with special regard to the concentration, composition and distribution of high density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions were investigated in 51 healthy males of different characteristics: younger than 35 years, untrained (n = 14, mean age 28.2 years, SD 6.0; VO2max, 47.9 ml.kg-1.min-1, SD 5.8) and trained (n = 11, mean age 27.9 years, SD 4.3; VO2max, 61.1 ml.kg-1.min-1, SD 5.1), older than 50 years untrained (n = 14, mean age 58.9 years, SD 5.9, VO2max, 29.3 ml.kg-1.min-1, SD 5.3) and trained (n = 12, mean age 59.3 years, SD 7.2, VO2max, 45.7 ml.kg-1.min-1, SD 7.7). The fasting-state serum concentrations of total cholesterol, tri-acylglycerol and lipoprotein-cholesterol were measured. The HDL-subfractions were separated by density (rho) gradient ultracentrifugation. Concentrations of cholesterol, cholesterylester, tri-acylglycerol, phospholipids, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and A-II were measured in the subfractions HDL2b: rho = 1.063-1.100 g.ml-1; HDL2al: rho = 1.00-1.110 g.ml-1; HDL2a2: rho = 1.110-1.150 g.ml-1; HDL3: rho = 1.150-1.210 g.ml-1. Elderly untrained subjects showed increased serum concentrations of total-, very low- and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and elevated tri-acylglycerol levels. The HDL-cholesterol concentration was decreased, due to reduced concentrations of HDL2-subfractions. Significant changes in the composition of HDL2-subfractions were found in elderly untrained subjects. The HDL2-subfractions had more protein, a decreased apoA-I:A-II ratio and less phospholipids in comparison to HDL2-subfractions from younger untrained and trained, and elderly trained subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Stereochemical analysis of β‐keto sulfoxides by circular dichroism

Three β‐keto sulfoxides ( 1–3 ) were synthesized in enantiopure form and investigated by means of circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, both in electronic and vibrational range (ECD, VCD), in combination with quantum chemical calculations. For compound 2 , the X‐ray structure was available; thus, the ECD in the solid state was also considered to reveal the differences between the molecular species in both states. Despite the simplicity of all β‐keto sulfoxides under investigation (29 atoms), reproducing even the major spectral VCD features failed for two compounds, making the use of VCD not ideal to assign their absolute configuration in a reliable way. We demonstrated, however, that the use of ECD spectroscopy, both in solution and solid state, can easily, unambiguously, and without any complication simulate all bands by applying the standard protocol for calculations. This study may stimulate the debate on the need of the use of two chiroptical methods simultaneously in the determination of absolute configurations.     

Linking temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition to its molecular structure,accessibility, and microbial physiology

Temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition may have a significant impact on global warming. Enzyme‐kinetic hypothesis suggests that decomposition of low‐quality substrate (recalcitrant molecular structure) requires higher activation energy and thus has greater temperature sensitivity than that of high‐quality, labile substrate. Supporting evidence, however, relies largely on indirect indices of substrate quality. Furthermore, the enzyme‐substrate reactions that drive decomposition may be regulated by microbial physiology and/or constrained by protective effects of soil mineral matrix. We thus tested the kinetic hypothesis by directly assessing the carbon molecular structure of low‐density fraction (LF) which represents readily accessible, mineral‐free SOM pool. Using five mineral soil samples of contrasting SOM concentrations, we conducted 30‐days incubations (15, 25, and 35 °C) to measure microbial respiration and quantified easily soluble C as well as microbial biomass C pools before and after the incubations. Carbon structure of LFs (<1.6 and 1.6–1.8 g cm^?3) and bulk soil was measured by solid‐state ¹³C‐NMR. Decomposition Q₁₀ was significantly correlated with the abundance of aromatic plus alkyl‐C relative to O‐alkyl‐C groups in LFs but not in bulk soil fraction or with the indirect C quality indices based on microbial respiration or biomass. The warming did not significantly change the concentration of biomass C or the three types of soluble C despite two‐ to three‐fold increase in respiration. Thus, enhanced microbial maintenance respiration (reduced C‐use efficiency) especially in the soils rich in recalcitrant LF might lead to the apparent equilibrium between SOM solubilization and microbial C uptake. Our results showed physical fractionation coupled with direct assessment of molecular structure as an effective approach and supported the enzyme‐kinetic interpretation of widely observed C quality‐temperature relationship for short‐term decomposition. Factors controlling long‐term decomposition Q₁₀ are more complex due to protective effect of mineral matrix and thus remain as a central question.