数学建模在生物化感及其赫米西斯(Hormesis)现象中的应用

简述了国内外对生物化感数学建模的研究近况,包括通过数学模型描述化感物质的赫米西斯(Hormesis)现象,化感作用在受体植物不同密度条件下的表达,植物残茬中化感物质的分解动态及受体植物的动态响应,环境中化感物质的动态变化规律及在植物-昆虫-天敌系统中的应用等。并对化感数学建模领域的先驱机理模型An-Hormesis模型,An-Liu-Johnson-Lovett模型,和An_Residue模型做了简介。     

The response of an Eastern Amazonian rain forest to drought stress: results and modelling analyses from a throughfall exclusion experiment

Warmer and drier climates over Eastern Amazonia have been predicted as a component of climate change during the next 50–100 years. It remains unclear what effect such changes will have on forest–atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water, but the cumulative effect is anticipated to produce climatic feedback at both regional and global scales. To allow more detailed study of forest responses to soil drying, a simulated soil drought or 'throughfall exclusion' (TFE) experiment was established at a rain forest site in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil, for which time-series sap flow and soil moisture data were obtained. The experiment excluded 50% of the throughfall from the soil. Sap flow data from the forest plot experiencing normal rainfall showed no limitation of transpiration throughout the two monitored dry seasons. Conversely, data from the TFE showed large dry season declines in transpiration, with tree water use restricted to 20% of that in the control plot at the peak of both dry seasons. The results were examined to evaluate the paradigm that the restriction on transpiration in the dry season was caused by limitation of soil-to-root water transport, driven by low soil water potential and high soil-to-root hydraulic resistance. This paradigm, embedded in the soil–plant–atmosphere (SPA) model and driven using on-site measurements, provided a good explanation ( R ² > 0.69) of the magnitude and timing of changes in sap flow and soil moisture. This model-data correspondence represents a substantial improvement compared with other ecosystem models of drought stress tested in Amazonia. Inclusion of deeper rooting should lead to lower sensitivity to drought than the majority of existing models. Modelled annual GPP declined by 13–14% in response to the treatment, compared with estimated declines in transpiration of 30–40%.     

一类具有垂直传播的SEIRS捕食传染病模型的全局分析

通过假设捕食系统中疾病只在食饵种群中传播,被传染的易惑者经过一段潜伏期后才具有传染性,潜伏者与染病者均具有垂直传播能力,染病者恢复后对该病不具有终身免疫力,建立了一类具有垂直传播的SEIRS捕食传染病模型,运用极限系统理论,分两种情形讨论了系统平衡点的存在性及局部稳定性,利用Lyapunov函数和二次复合矩阵等方法,得到了平衡点全局渐近稳定的条件.     

广东省县级建设用地集约利用综合评价——以紫金县为例

基于评价指标的权重和隶属度值构建了广东省紫金县建设用地集约利用水平测度模型,运用最大相容类原则实现了建设用地集约利用水平的模糊识别分类,并通过将城镇及独立工矿区人均建设用地、农村居民点人均建设用地与国家2007年颁布的镇规划用地标准进行比较,测算了2005年广东省紫金县建设用地集约利用潜力.结果表明：2005年紫金县建设用地集约利用水平测度值为0.421,处于低效粗放利用阶段;理论上全县可减少555.69～2197.69 hm²的建设用地,集约利用潜力较大.     

Dispersal failure contributes to plant losses in NW Europe

The ongoing decline of many plant species in Northwest Europe indicates that traditional conservation measures to improve the habitat quality, although useful, are not enough to halt diversity losses. Using recent databases, we show for the first time that differences between species in adaptations to various dispersal vectors, in combination with changes in the availability of these vectors, contribute significantly to explaining losses in plant diversity in Northwest Europe in the 20th century. Species with water- or fur-assisted dispersal are over-represented among declining species, while others (wind- or bird-assisted dispersal) are under-represented. Our analysis indicates that the 'colonization deficit' due to a degraded dispersal infrastructure is no less important in explaining plant diversity losses than the more commonly accepted effect of eutrophication and associated niche-based processes. Our findings call for measures that aim to restore the dispersal infrastructure across entire regions and that go beyond current conservation practices.     

Population dynamics of diploid and hexaploid populations of a perennial herb

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite the recent enormous increase in the number of studies on polyploid species, no studies to date have explored the population dynamics of these taxa. It is thus not known whether the commonly reported differences in single life-history traits between taxa of different ploidy levels result in differences in population dynamics. METHODS: This study explores differences in single life-history traits and in the complete life cycle between populations of different ploidy levels and compares these differences with differences observed between different habitat types and years. Diploid and hexaploid populations of a perennial herb, Aster amellus, are used as the study system. Transition matrix models were used to describe the dynamics of the populations, and population growth rates, elasticity values and life-table response experiments were used to compare the dynamics between populations and years. KEY RESULTS: The results indicate that between-year variation in population dynamics is much larger than variation between different ploidy levels and different habitat conditions. Significant differences exist, however, in the structure of the transition matrices, indicating that the dynamics of the different ploidy levels are different. Strong differences in probability of extinction of local populations were also found, with hexaploid populations having higher probability than diploid populations, indicating strong potential differences in persistence of these populations. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study on complete population dynamics of plants of different ploidy levels. This knowledge will help to understand the ability of new ploidy levels to spread into new areas and persist there, and the interactions of different ploidy levels in secondary contact zones. This knowledge will also contribute to understanding of interactions of different ploidy levels with other plant species or other interacting organisms such as pollinators or herbivores.     

基于冠层反射光谱的棉花干物质积累量估测

通过分析不同施氮水平下棉花地上部干物质积累量与冠层光谱反射率及其衍生的比值植被指数(RVI)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)及差值植被指数(DVI)之间的关系,确立了棉花地上部干物质积累量的敏感波段及预测模型.结果表明:两个可见光波段(560和710 nm)和5个近红外波段(810、870、950、1 100和1 220 nm)组成的植被指数与棉花地上部干物质积累量的相关性较好,其中RVI(1 100, 560)的相关性最好.通过逐步回归分析确立的棉花地上部干物质积累量的预测模型为:地上部干物质积累量(g·m-2)=66.274×RVI(1 100, 560)-148.84.说明通过遥感手段估测棉花地上部干物质积累量是可行的.     

改良CCI大鼠痛行为学检测与损伤区自发放电活动再观察

目的：应用改良CCI模型研究外周神经损伤后痛觉过敏和自发放电各自特征及相互关系。方法：雄性SD大鼠,随机分为CCI组和Sham组,分别于术前1天和术后1、4、7、9、11、14天测定机械刺激缩足反射阈值和热缩腿反射潜伏期,同时选取术侧机械刺激缩腿反射阈值低于4g或者术侧和健侧热缩腿反射潜伏期差异大于2s的CCI模型大鼠观察术后4-14天损伤区自发放电活动。结果：神经纤维损伤后,机械痛敏和热痛敏随时间表现为逐渐增强,同时在损伤区观察到三类放电模式：整数倍放电﹑阵发放电和周期放电。结论：术后大鼠机械痛阈和热痛阈逐渐降低,机械痛敏的产生和损伤区自发放电活动关系密切,不同的放电模式可能代表不同的传入信息。     

GABA_B受体变构剂药学研究进展

γ-氨基丁酸B受体（GABAB receptor,GABABR）是最具有药理学意义的药物靶点之一,具有复杂而精细的激活机制。传统的GABABR靶点药物开发集中于激动剂和拮抗剂,这类药物受到多种因素的制约,包括较强的副作用、药物代谢困难、机体耐药性明显等。变构剂结合于正构位点之外,能够调节GABABR异源二聚体亚基或结构域间的相互作用。正向变构剂（positiveallosteric modulators,PAMs）和负向变构剂（negative allosteric modulators,NAMs）分别可以提高或降低GABABR的活性,并具有较高的特异性和药物安全性,同时还能够保持GABABR信号在时间和空间上的可控性。变构剂为GABABR靶点药物开发提供了新思路。     

Incipient allochronic speciation due to non-selective assortative mating by flowering time, mutation and genetic drift

We model the evolution of flowering time using a multilocus quantitative genetic model with non-selective assortative mating and mutation to investigate incipient allochronic speciation in a finite population. For quantitative characters with evolutionary parameters satisfying empirical observations and two approximate inequalities that we derived, disjunct clusters in the population flowering phenology originated within a few thousand generations in the absence of disruptive natural or sexual selection. Our simulations and the conditions we derived showed that cluster formation was promoted by limited population size, high mutational variance of flowering time, short individual flowering phenology and a long flowering season. By contrast, cluster formation was hindered by inbreeding depression, stabilizing selection and pollinator limitation. Our results suggest that incipient allochronic speciation in populations of limited size (satisfying two inequalities) could be a common phenomenon.