Purification, characterization and decolorization of bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria 3.2190

Myrothecium verrucaria 3.2190 is a nonligninolytic fungus that produces bilirubin oxidase. Both M. verrucaria and the extracellular bilirubin oxidase were tested for their ability to decolorize indigo carmine. The biosorption and biodegradation of the dye were detected during the process of decolorization; more than 98% decolorization efficiency was achieved after 7 days at 26°C. Additionally, the crude bilirubin oxidase can efficiently decolorize indigo carmine at 30°C~50°C, pH 5.5~9.5 with dye concentrations of 50 mg l(-1)~200 mg l(-1). Bilirubin oxidase was purified and visualized as a single band on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Several enzymatic properties of the purified enzyme were investigated. Moreover, the identity of the purified bilirubin oxidase (BOD) was confirmed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). These results demonstrate that the purified bilirubin oxidase in M. verrucaria strain has potential application in dye effluent decolorization.     

混合培养体系对染料的脱色和降解条件研究

目的:探讨混合培养体系对染料的脱色和降解的条件,为实际应用奠定一定基础.方法:利用4株细菌和4株丝状真菌组建了一真菌细菌混合物培养体系,考察了该混合培养体系对各单一依染料的脱色与降解情况,初步研究了其对混合染料脱色与降解的工艺条件,包括接种比例、处理时间、氧气供应、接种顺序等.结果:真菌与细菌同时接种,且接种比例为2:1,振荡培养到3h就达到很高的脱色率和降解率,12h时脱色率和降解率分别达到98.36%和89.89%;而且该混合培养体系对高浓度染料有较强的耐受性,在染料浓度高达320 mg/L时,脱色率和降解率仍高达97.03%和74.03%.结论:得到了该混合培养体系对染料脱色和降解的最佳工艺条件.     

Decolorization Screening of Synthetic Dyes by Anaerobic Methanogenic Sludge Using a Batch Decolorization Assay

The nonspecific ability of anaerobic sludge bacteria obtained from cattle dung slurry was investigated for 17 different dyes in a batch assay system using sealed serum vials. Experiments using Reactive Violet 5 (RV 5) showed that sludge bacteria could effectively decolorize solutions having dye concentrations up to 1000 mg l⁻¹ with a decolorization efficiency of above 75% during 48 h of incubation. Headspace gas composition of anaerobic batch systems for varying dye concentration revealed that lower concentrations of RV 5 (upto 500 mg l⁻¹) were found to be stimulatory to the methanogenic activity of sludge bacteria. However at higher dye concentrations, the headspace gas composition was found to be similar to batch assay controls without dye, indicating that dye at higher concentrations was inhibitory to methanogenic bacteria of sludge. The optimum inoculum and incubation temperature for maximum decolorization of RV 5 was found to be 9.0 g l⁻¹(in terms of total solids) and 37°C, respectively. Of sixteen other dyes tested, nine (Reactive Black 5, Reactive Blue 31, Reactive Blue 28, Reactive Red HE8B, Reactive Yellow, Reactive Golden Yellow, Mordant Orange, Novatic Olive R S/D & Navilan Yellow GL) were decolorized with more than 88% efficiency; three (Orange II, Navy Blue HER & Novatic Blue BC S/D) were decolorized with about 50–65% efficiency, whereas other three dyes (Procion Orange H2R, Procion Brilliant Blue HGR & Novatic Blue BC S/D) were decolorized with less than 40% efficiency. Though Ranocid Fast Blue was decolorized with about 92.5% efficiency, this was merely due to sorption, whereas the other dyes were decolorized due to biotransformation.     

Decolorization and purification of crude protease from Rhizopus oryzae by activated charcoal and its electrophoretic analysis

Activated charcoal decolorized and partially purified the protease from a crude extract of solid state fermentation of wheat bran by Rhizopus oryzae. Treatment for 5 min was sufficient. Depending on the initial colour intensity of crude, the charcoal to crude extract ratio could be optimized to achieve 90% decolorization, 85% enzyme recovery, and over a 3-fold purification, even up to 20-fold variation in batch size (from 1 ml to 20 ml crude extract). Decolorization followed the Freundlich and the Langmuir models, the Freundlich constant, n, being 2.74. Partial purification was confirmed by native PAGE and the protease band identified by gelatin-PAGE. SDS-PAGE showed the protease consisted of two sub-units (about 22 and 24 kDa). List of symbols: c _o, initial solute concentration in liquid before adsorption; c ^*, equilibrium solute concentration in liquid after adsorption; k, empirical constant for Freundlich adsorption isotherm; U, unit of protease activity; v, volume of solution per unit weight of adsorbent.     

Potential Applications of the Oxidoreductive Enzymes in the Decolorization and Detoxification of Textile and Other Synthetic Dyes from Polluted Water: A Review

ABSTRACT

Recently, the enzymatic approach has attracted much interest in the decolorization/degradation of textile and other industrially important dyes from wastewater as an alternative strategy to conventional chemical, physical and biological treatments, which pose serious limitations. Enzymatic treatment is very useful due to the action of enzymes on pollutants even when they are present in very dilute solutions and recalcitrant to the action of various microbes participating in the degradation of dyes. The potential of the enzymes (peroxidases, manganese peroxidases, lignin peroxidases, laccases, microperoxidase-11, polyphenol oxidases, and azoreductases) has been exploited in the decolorization and degradation of dyes. Some of the recalcitrant dyes were not degraded/decolorized in the presence of such enzymes. The addition of certain redox mediators enhanced the range of substrates and efficiency of degradation of the recalcitrant compounds. Several redox mediators have been reported in the literature, but very few of them are frequently used (e.g., 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, veratryl alcohol, violuric acid, 2-methoxy-phenothiazone). Soluble enzymes cannot be exploited at the large scale due to limitations such as stability and reusability. Therefore, the use of immobilized enzymes has significant advantages over soluble enzymes. In the near future, technology based on the enzymatic treatment of dyes present in the industrial effluents/wastewater will play a vital role. Treatment of wastewater on a large scale will also be possible by using reactors containing immobilized enzymes.     

塔拉多糖的脱色工艺化研究

塔拉多糖是一种半乳甘露聚糖胶,对于我们具有非常重要的应用价值。本实验主要对塔拉提取物中的塔拉多糖进行脱色工艺化研究;在单因素实验的基础上,对活性炭颗粒质量、脱色时间、脱色温度以及脱色次数这四种因素进行正交优化实验,其最佳脱色实验参数为：活性炭颗粒0.6 g,脱色45 min,脱色温度45℃脱色次数3次,脱色率可以达到50.21%,同时多糖类保留率为90.39%。     

Decolorization of diazo dye Direct Red 81 by a novel bacterial consortium

Summary Samples collected from various effluent-contaminated soils in the vicinities of dyestuff manufacturing units of Ahmedabad, India, were studied for screening and isolation of organisms capable of decolorizing textile dyes. A novel bacterial consortium was selected on the basis of rapid decolorization of Direct Red 81 (DR 81), which was used as model dye. The bacterial consortium exhibited 90% decolorization ability within 35 h. Maximum rate of decolorization was observed when starch (0.6 g l⁻¹) and casein (0.9 g l⁻¹) were supplemented in the medium. Decolorization of DR 81 was monitored by high performance thin layer chromatography, which indicated that dye decolorization was due to its degradation into unidentified intermediates. The optimum dye-decolorizing activity of the culture was observed at pH 7.0 and incubation temperature of 37 °C. Maximum dye-decolorizing efficiency was observed at 200 mg l⁻¹ concentration of DR 81. The bacterial consortium had an ability to decolorize nine other structurally different azo dyes.     

Purification of a thermostable laccase from Leucaena leucocephala using a copper alginate entrapment approach and the application of the laccase in dye decolorization

Laccase from a tree legume, Leucaena leucocephala, was purified to homogeneity using a quick two-step procedure: alginate bead entrapment and celite adsorption chromatography. Laccase was purified 110.6-fold with an overall recovery of 51.0% and a specific activity of 58.5 units/mg. The purified laccase was found to be a heterodimer (∼220 kDa), containing two subunits of 100 and 120 kDa. The affinity of laccase was found to be highest for catechol and lowest for hydroquinone, however, highest K_cat and K_cat/K_m were obtained for hydroquinone. Purified laccase exhibited pH and temperature optima of 7.0 and 80 °C, respectively. Mn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Na⁺ activated laccase while Ca²⁺ treatment increased laccase activity up to 3 mM, beyond which it inhibited laccase. Co²⁺, Hg²⁺, DTT, SDS and EDTA showed an inhibition of laccase activity. The Leucaena laccase was found to be fairly tolerant to organic solvents; upon exposure for 1 h individually to 50% (v/v) each of ethanol, DMF, DMSO and benzene, more than 50% of the activity was retained, while in the presence of 50% (v/v) each of methanol, isopropanol and chloroform, a 40% residual activity was observed. The purified laccase efficiently decolorized synthetic dyes such as indigocarmine and congo red in the absence of any redox mediator.     

一种pH稳定的黄色漆酶的快速纯化和性质特征

通过丙酮沉淀和 DEAE- cellulose DE52 柱层析, 快速、有效地从一株白腐菌 Trametes sp. SQ01 的发酵液中纯化了漆酶。纯化的漆酶并非传统漆酶那样呈现蓝色, 而是一种黄色蛋白。以 ABTS 为底物时, 该酶的最适 pH 和温度分别是 pH 4.5 和 70°C, Km 为 0.029 mmol/L。T. SQ01 漆酶在 pH 3.0~11.0时, 酶活相对稳定, 在 pH 5.0 时最为稳定, 是目前报道的 pH 稳定性最好的漆酶。低浓度的金属离子(1 mmol/L) Cu2+、Mg2+ 、Ca2+ 和Co2+ 对漆酶有促进作用, 而高浓度(5 mmol/L)的Co2+、Zn2+、 Mn2+、Mg2+ 却抑制漆酶酶活。SDS 对该酶有激活作用, 当其浓度为1 mmol/L时, 漆酶相对酶活达到128%。DTT对漆酶强烈抑制, 即使是浓度为1 mmol/L, 亦可完全抑制漆酶酶活。纯化后的漆酶对亮蓝(RBBR) (100 mg/L)的脱色能力显著, 0.5 U/mL 的漆酶在 10 min内即可达到 80%的脱色率。T. sp. SQ01 漆酶的快速纯化以及高效脱色的能力表明该酶在染料脱色降解方面有着广阔的应用前景。     

一种pH相对稳定的栓菌T. sp. SQ01漆酶

漆酶 (p-diplaenol:oxygen oxidorecluctase,EC 1.10.3.2)在生物制浆、生物漂白、脱色以及有毒化合物的降解等方面具有较为广泛的应用前景,同时也是相关学科领域的研究热点.