外侧臂旁核神经元对穹隆下器逆向刺激和孤束核顺向刺激的反应

细胞外记录大鼠外侧臂旁核(LPBN)神经元单位放电,观察了刺激穹隆下器(SFO)在记录单位诱发的逆向反应和静脉注射新福林兴奋外周压力感受器和刺激孤束核(NTS)减压区诱发的顺向反应。实验发现:刺激 SFO,9.9%(15/151)的 LPBN 神经元有逆向反应。静脉注射新福林,40.7%(22/54)的 LPBN 神经元有抑制反应,27.8%(17/54)有兴奋反应。刺激 NTS,55.6%(94/169)的 LPBN 神经元呈现顺向兴奋反应;22.5%(38/169)呈现顺向抑制反应。观察静脉注射新福林对 SFO 刺激有逆向反应的 LPBN 神经元自发放电的影响,在两个受试单位均见抑制反应。观察刺激 NTS 对逆向反应单位自发放电的影响,在8个受试单位中,6个呈兴奋反应;2个呈抑制反应。以上结果表明:LPBN 接受来自 NTS 的兴奋性或抑制性压力感受性传入,并把这种信息经 LPBN-SFO 直接通路传输到 SFO。     

电刺激大鼠脊神经皮支对远距离机械感受单位电活动的影响

实验采用分离神经细束的方法,观察逆行电刺激大鼠脊神经背侧皮支后,在相距较远的神经细束上记录到的Aδ和C类机械感受单位电活动的变化。刺激T9脊神经背侧皮支,在T12神经细束上记录到59.3%（16/27）的Aδ和71.2%(37/52）的C类单位在刺激后90～120s放电显著增加。刺激T8脊神经背侧皮支,在T12神经细束上记录到47.8%(11/23）的Aδ单位和36.6%(15/41）的C类单位在刺激后120～150s放电显著增加。大多数单位（18/23）的机械感受阈值在电刺激远距离脊神经背侧皮支后降低。结果表明,逆行电刺激外周感觉神经,可以使相距较远的Aδ和C类机械感受单位致敏,其传入放电增加。     

GROWTH,DARK RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PARAMETERS OF THE COCCOLITHOPHORID EMILIANIA HUXLEYI (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE) ACCLIMATED TO DIFFERENT DAY LENGTH-IRRADIANCE COMBINATIONS1

Growth, dark respiration rate, photosynthetic parameters, and chemical composition were determined for Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Hay et Mohler acclimated to different combinations of day length (12, 18, 24 h) and irradiance (30, 100, 200, 800 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹). Specific growth rate (μ, day⁻¹) and carbon-specific dark respiration rate (r^C_d, day⁻¹) were independent of day length, but increased significantly with increasing irradiance. The photosynthetic parameters depended on the initial acclimation day length and irradiance: Chlorophyll a-specific maximum photosynthetic rate (P_m^B) increased up to threefold with decreasing day length and twofold with increasing irradiance. The maximum light utilization coefficient (α^B) and maximum quantum yield (φ_m) increased up to threefold with decreasing day length. α^B increased almost four-fold with decreasing irradiance, whereas φ_m was independent of irradiance. Literature data for phytoplankton indicate that P_m^B consistently increases with increasing irradiance, and day length-irradiance responses of α^B and φ_m are species specific. Results from the present experiment and other studies indicate that if day length-irradiance variability in the photosynthetic parameters are neglected, this may cause an over- or underestimation up to a factor of two in the photosynthetic rate estimation based on these parameters.     

噪声对海马CA3区神经元电活动及突触超微结构的影响

本文用电生理学方法及电镜技术研究105dB(A)白噪声对海马CA3区神经元电活动及突触超微结构的影响。结果表明:大鼠在强噪声暴露期间(5min),其神经元放电出现减频反应(占53.3％),增频反应(占20％)和基本无反应(占26.7％)。而强噪声定时重复暴露(每天1h共50天)后,单位放电频率极显著地低于对照组,以及高频单位消失而低频单位增加;同时,突触超微结构(大鼠和豚鼠)也出现小泡不集中于突触前膜和线粒体空泡化增多等不利于突触功能的变化。表明强噪声对海马CA3区神经元的影响是明显的,且以抑制性作用更为显著。本文结合本室以往工作进行讨论,认为噪声影响学习功能可能有通过影响海马的活动而作用的机制。     

Genetic variation of the bud and leaf phenology of seventeen poplar clones in a short rotation coppice culture

Abstract: Leaf phenology of 17 poplar ( Populus spp.) clones, encompassing spring phenology, length of growth period and end-of-year phenology, was examined over several years of different rotations. The 17 poplar clones differed in their latitude of origin (45°30'N to 51°N) and were studied on a short rotation experimental field plantation, situated in Boom (province of Antwerpen, Belgium; 51°05'N, 04°22'E). A similar, clear pattern of bud burst was observed during the different years of study for all clones. Clones Columbia River, Fritzi Pauley, Trichobel (Populus trichocarpa) and Balsam Spire (Populus trichocarpa × Populus balsamifera) from 45°30'N to 49°N reached bud burst (expressed as day of the year or degree day sums) almost every year earlier than clones Wolterson (Populus nigra), Gaver, Gibecq and Primo (Populus deltoides × Populus nigra) (50°N to 51°N). This observation could not be generalised to end-of-season phenology, for which a yearly returning pattern for all clones was lacking. Late bud burst and early leaf fall of some clones (Beaupré, Boelare, IBW1, IBW2, IBW3) was brought about by increasing rust incidence during the years of observation. For these clones, the variability in leaf phenology was reflected in high coefficients of variation among years. The patterns of genetic variation in leaf phenology have implications for short rotation intensive culture forestry and management of natural populations. Moreover, the variation in phenology reported here is relevant with regard to the genetic mapping of poplar.     

Climate change effects on walnut pests in California

Increasing temperatures are likely to impact ectothermic pests of fruits and nuts. This paper aims to assess changes to pest pressure in California's US$0.7 billion walnut industry due to recent historic and projected future temperature changes. For two past (1950 and 2000) and 18 future climate scenarios (2041–2060 and 2080–2099; each for three General Circulation Models and three greenhouse gas emissions scenarios), 100 years of hourly temperature were generated for 205 locations. Degree‐day models were used to project mean generation numbers for codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.), navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella Walker), two‐spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch), and European red mite (Panonychus ulmi Koch). In the Central Valley, the number of codling moth generations predicted for degree days accumulated between April 1 and October 1 rose from 2–4 in 1950 to 3–5 among all future scenarios. Generation numbers increased from 10–18 to 14–24 for two‐spotted spider mite, from 9–14 to 14–20 for European red mite, and from 2–4 to up to 5 for navel orangeworm. Overall pest pressure can thus be expected to increase substantially. Our study did not include the possibility of higher winter survival rates, leading to higher initial pest counts in spring, or of extended pest development times in the summer, factors that are likely to exacerbate future pest pressure. On the other hand, initiation of diapause may prevent an extension of the season length for arthropods, and higher incidence of heat death in summer may constrain pest population sizes. More information on the impact of climate change on complex agroecological food webs and on the response of pests to high temperatures is needed for improving the reliability of projections.     

模拟SO42-沉降对闽江口淡水感潮野慈姑湿地甲烷排放通量的影响

2015年12月—2016年10月,每月小潮日原位定期向闽江口塔礁洲淡水感潮野慈姑(Sagittaria trifolia L.)湿地施加剂量为60、120 kg S hm~(-2)a~(-1)的K_2SO_4溶液(分别记做S-60和S-120),探讨模拟硫酸根(SO_4~(2-))沉降对河口淡水感潮湿地甲烷(CH4)排放通量及间隙水SO_4~(2-)浓度的影响。对照、S-60和S-120处理组CH_4排放通量年均值分别为(7.88±1.00)mg h~(-1)m~(-2)、(6.55±0.97)mg h~(-1)m~(-2)和(6.66±1.49)mg h~(-1)m~(-2)。在年尺度上,两个高强度模拟SO_4~(2-)沉降处理组均未显著降低闽江口淡水感潮野慈姑湿地CH_4排放通量(P0.05),即高强度SO_4~(2-)沉降不会对河口淡水感潮湿地CH_4排放通量产生类似于其对泥炭湿地和水稻田的显著抑制效应。在年尺度以及秋、冬季,两个施加K_2SO_4溶液处理显著增加了野慈姑湿地10 cm深度土壤间隙水SO_4~(2-)浓度。对于各个处理组,温度较高的夏、秋季CH_4排放通量均显著高于温度相对较低的冬、春季(P0.05)。不同处理组CH_4排放通量均与土壤温度呈显著正相关关系,温度仍然是影响亚热带河口淡水感潮湿地CH_4排放通量的重要环境因子。     

普氏蹄蝠下丘谐波内外神经元处理多普勒频移补偿信息的差异

为了探讨普氏蹄蝠下丘神经元在处理多普勒频移补偿后回声定位信号中的作用,实验采用双声刺激模式模拟蝙蝠不同飞行状态下产生多普勒频移补偿后的脉冲-回声对,即发声频率改变,回声频率维持恒定的情况下,研究下丘神经元对不同补偿值下的回声反应恢复率.结果发现:根据神经元在某一补偿值下对回声信号反应的恢复率是否超过70%,可将其分为具有选择性(S)和无选择性(NS)的两类神经元.且谐波内S神经元所占比例(68%)远超过非谐波内S神经元(39%).分析神经元的发放模式发现谐波内S神经元中相位型发放模式比例(44.3%)明显高于其他三种类型神经元.另外,虽然S和NS神经元的强度-潜伏期函数类型均以饱和型为主,但谐波内S神经元强度-潜伏期函数的最佳强度(best amplitude,BA)(95.3±14.0)dB SPL低于NS神经元的BA(104.1±10.2)d B SPL(P0.01),同时也低于非谐波内S神经元的BA(109.7±7.9)dB SPL(P0.01).以上实验结果表明,在下丘水平,神经元就已对多普勒频移补偿后回声定位信号的处理有了分工,集中在谐波内的S神经元通过提高对某一补偿值下回声信号反应的恢复率实现,对回声信息的精确编码,避免其他杂波干扰信息.同时,谐波内S神经元的发放模式和强度-潜伏期函数特点也满足其在复杂环境中精确声学成像的需求.     

猫体感皮层神经元对同时刺激隐神经的A类和C类纤维的反应型式

记录了麻痹猫的体感皮层(SI)神经元的自发和隐神经的A类和C类纤维传入诱发放电(A-ED和C-ED)。用NCCVF分析神经元放电。结果表明,SI区神经元对同时刺激隐神经的A类和C类纤维的反应呈多种型式:(1)A-ED和C-ED共存,包括Ⅰ.A-ED和C-ED始终相互伴随出现;Ⅱ.在刺激之初,只出现A-ED,但是,当阻断A类纤维传入并由C类纤维传入诱发神经元放电后,再同时刺激A类和C类纤维时,A-ED和C-ED便同时出现。(2)A-ED制约C-ED,特点是,只要A-ED存在,C/ED就不出现。只有阻断A类纤维传入后,C-ED才产生。(3)单一A-ED,不管在什么刺激条件下,这类神经元都只有A-ED,而不产生C-ED 结论:根据反应型式的不同,可将SI区的神经元分为Ⅰ.A类和C类纤维传入同时驱动的神经元;Ⅱ.A-ED制约C-ED的神经元;Ⅲ.只由A类纤维传入驱动的神经元。     

双七瓢虫对蚜虫捕食作用

【目的】研究双七瓢虫Coccinula quatuordecimpustulata(Linnaeus)对蚜虫的捕食习性,为其保护利用提供依据。【方法】采用13种蚜虫分别饲喂双七瓢虫1~4龄幼虫及成虫,观察记录24 h的捕食数量;选取大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura、豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris)和白杨毛蚜Chaitophrus populeti(Panzer)分别对双七瓢虫进行饲养,记录瓢虫发育历期。【结果】双七瓢虫对供试的13种蚜虫捕食数量存在显著差异,其嗜食程度依照对蚜虫的日捕食生物量依次为:大豆蚜、菊小长管蚜Macrosiphoniella sanborni(Gillette)、月季长管蚜Sitobion rosivorum(Zhang)、豌豆蚜、甘蓝蚜Brevicoryne brassicae(Linnaeus)等;用大豆蚜和豌豆蚜饲养,双七瓢虫各虫态发育历期较短,用白杨毛蚜饲养则发育历期较长,3种蚜虫饲养的双七瓢虫,蛹均能正常羽化。【结论】双七瓢虫对供试蚜虫均有捕食行为,但捕食量存在明显差异;不同蚜虫对双七瓢虫的发育历期具有一定影响。