太湖水污染防治计划实施效率评估

数据包络分析方法是评价非赢利组织绩效的有效方法之一。研究采用数据包络分析,从绩效审计的观点探讨沿太湖6市环境保护局（以下简称环保局）2001～2005年执行太湖水污染防治“十五”规划的相对效率。结果表明：从技术效率来看,40％的决策单位为相对有效率;对于规模效率,有36．7％的决策单元为相对有效率,各环保局的效率不能令人满意。外部影响因素分析结果表明,人口和经济发展水平对环保局的总技术效率不具有明显影响,而企业数与环保局的整体技术效率具有显著差异性。在此基础上提出了促进环保局效率的对策建议。     

长江平原区乡村景观的结构、管理及其对土壤氮磷的影响

通过实地研究主要位于宜兴市域的区域乡村景观代表性样方,评价并阐明了人口密集的长江平原区乡村景观的结构、管理与土壤全氮、全磷密度和储量的关系.景观绘图是基于1m分辨率的IKONOS影像并采用生态立地分类及绘图标准,通过直接解译和实地检验对均质景观缀块进行分类和绘图;依据区域权重分层取样方法,在生态立地缀块中随机设定取样点进行土壤或底泥取样;通过自助法对12个样方重取样,用区域多变量最优化方法计算样方的区域权重,并结合不确定性分析模型评价区域土地利用/覆被、土壤全氮和全磷储量.结果表明:在85.24×103km2的长江平原区乡村景观面积范围内,0～30cm土壤全氮、全磷储量分别为29.87Tg N和 19.79Tg P.最大的5种土地利用/覆被的类型为水田、水产养殖、非渗漏性建筑用地、旱地1年生作物和闲置水域,占区域总面积的82.9%;其土壤全氮、全磷储量分别占区域总量的82.6%和80.8%.其中平原稻田面积为38.93×103km2,占总面积的45.5%;其0～30cm土壤全氮、全磷储量分别高达15.26Tg N和9.13Tg P,分别占总储量的51%和45%.揭示了人口密集的乡村景观中土地利用/覆被方式对区域土壤全氮、全磷的影响模式.这种在小尺度下对土地管理调查,土壤全氮、全磷及其它生态特征研究方法的精确度明显优于传统的基于30～1000m分辨率遥感影像的土地覆被研究.     

中国增汇型气候保护政策实施对经济的影响

系统地给出了中国实施增汇型CO2减排政策对宏观经济影响的模拟结果,所采用的模拟系统包括基于Pizer,Demeter,Zwaan工作发展的中国气候保护决策支持系统和中国经济可计算一般均衡(CGE)系统。研究结果表明,增汇型气候保护政策较其他单一的气候保护政策更有利于国家经济安全;虽然增汇型气候保护政策在短期内会对国家GDP产出造成影响,但从长远角度看,增汇型气候保护将带动经济的发展,是一项值得推广的减排政策。同时,发现中国实行每年增加4%的碳汇和实施4%能源替代以减少CO2排放控制率,辅助于0.2%的生产型CO2排放控制率,如果能够促进世界其它地区到2050年减排1990年的10%的CO,是一个合适的方案。     

不同栖息地状态下外来种入侵及对本地种生存影响的模拟

外来种入侵引起的生态及经济问题日益严重,人类活动导致大规模栖息地持续变化的背景下,外来种的入侵过程及本地物种多样性的演化更为复杂.在Tilman多物种共存模型基础上,建立了栖息地持续变化条件下的外来种入侵干扰模式,分别模拟了栖息地不变、持续毁坏及持续恢复条件下的外来种入侵及对本地物种多样性的生态影响.模拟结果表明:(1)拓殖率小(入侵性弱)的外来种不能成功定殖,栖息地的持续变化对其没有任何影响.(2)拓殖率增大的外来种入侵过程复杂,栖息地持续毁坏导致其灭绝时间相比于栖息地不变时明显推迟,栖息地持续恢复使其灭绝提前;一定时间内持续增加栖息地可以减小此类外来种入侵危害.(3)拓殖率足够大的外来种能够成功定殖,快速定殖-扩散的入侵过程不会因栖息地毁坏而迅速改变,其响应具有时间滞后性;栖息地持续恢复也有利于其迅速蔓延,占有率呈线性疯狂增长.(4)在具有外来种入侵的本地生态系统中,栖息地持续改变(增加或减少)对本地物种多样性的发展均不利.     

Modelling the Human Immune System by Combining Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Approaches

Over the past decade a number of bioinformatics tools have been developed that use genomic sequences as input to predict to which parts of a microbe the immune system will react, the so-called epitopes. Many predicted epitopes have later been verified experimentally, demonstrating the usefulness of such predictions. At the same time, simulation models have been developed that describe the dynamics of different immune cell populations and their interactions with microbes. These models have been used to explain experimental findings where timing is of importance, such as the time between administration of a vaccine and infection with the microbe that the vaccine is intended to protect against. In this paper, we outline a framework for integration of these two approaches. As an example, we develop a model in which HIV dynamics are correlated with genomics data. For the first time, the fitness of wild type and mutated virus are assessed by means of a sequence-dependent scoring matrix, derived from a BLOSUM matrix, that links protein sequences to growth rates of the virus in the mathematical model. A combined bioinformatics and systems biology approach can lead to a better understanding of immune system-related diseases where both timing and genomic information are of importance.     

Extensive gaps and biases in our knowledge of a well‐known fauna: implications for integrating biological traits into macroecology

Aim Ecologists seeking to describe patterns at ever larger scales require compilations of data on the global abundance and distribution of species. Comparable compilations of biological data are needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind these patterns, but have received far less attention. We assess the availability of biological data across an entire assemblage: the well‐documented demersal marine fauna of the United Kingdom. We also test whether data availability for a species depends on its taxonomic group, maximum body size, the number of times it has been recorded in a global biogeographic database, or its commercial and conservation importance. Location Seas of the United Kingdom. Methods We defined a demersal marine fauna of 973 species from 15 phyla and 40 classes using five extensive surveys around the British Isles. We then quantified the availability of data on eight key biological traits (termed biological knowledge) for each species from online databases. Relationships between biological knowledge and our predictors were tested with generalized linear models. Results Full data on eight fundamental biological traits exist for only 9% (n= 88) of the UK demersal marine fauna, and 20% of species completely lack data. Clear trends in our knowledge exist: fish (median biological knowledge score = six traits) are much better known than invertebrates (one trait). Biological knowledge increases with biogeographic knowledge and (to a lesser extent) with body size, and is greater in species that are commercially exploited or of conservation concern. Main conclusions Our analysis reveals deep ignorance of the basic biology of a well‐studied fauna, highlighting the need for far greater efforts to compile biological trait data. Clear biases in our knowledge, relating to how well sampled or ‘important’ species are suggests that caution is required in extrapolating small subsets of biologically well‐known species to ecosystem‐level studies.     

Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation for the striation distribution of void defects in Czochralski silicon growth

Unique crystal-originated pit (COP) distribution, similar to a striation pattern, is well matched with the oxygen profile in experimental analysis. It shows the strong relationship between oxygen concentration and COP distribution. In this paper, we study the generation of void defects and the relationship between interstitial oxygen and vacancy using the kinetic lattice Monte Carlo (KLMC) method. The KLMC method has been applied extensively in various forms to the study of micro-defects in silicon wafers. It explained well the formation of void defects such as vacancy–oxygen complex and vacancy–vacancy complex. The formation of clusters is strongly affected by oxygen concentration, which showed the relationship between COP distribution and oxygen concentration. The unique COP distribution could be correctly explained with KLMC results, and this kind of meso-scale results has not yet been reported.     

Molecular phylogenetics of the tribeInuleae s. str.(Asteraceae), based on ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA

The sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of 18S–26S nrDNA for a sample of 16 taxa from theInuleae s. str. and two outgroup taxa are analysed cladistically with PAUP. A consensus tree of the four most parsimonious cladograms is presented. Three different tests of cladogram stability are conducted (Bremer support, parsimony jackknifing and bootstrapping); all tests indicate a high degree of support for the basal nodes of the tree. The ITS phylogeny of the tribe is compared with previous hypotheses based on morphological data. The position ofAnisopappus as sister group to the rest of the tribe is supported by the molecular data, but the proposed subdivision ofInuleae s. str. into a paleate grade group and an epaleate clade is not. The interpretation of the character evolution of, e.g. receptacular paleae and pappus features within the tribe is discussed.     

影响动物模型MBLUP评定准确性的主要因素

标记辅助最佳线性无偏预测（marker-assisted best linear unbiased prediction,MBLUP）是对动物实施标记辅助选择（marker-assisted selection,MAS）的一种重要方法。通过计算机随机模拟研究了所选性状的遗传力、QTL方差和相邻两个标记间图距3个因素对动物模型MBLUP评定准确性的影响。结果表明,性状的遗传力越高、QTL方差和相邻两个标记间图距越小时,动物模型MBLUP评定的准确性越高;相反,当性状的遗传力较低、QTL方差和相邻两个标记间图距较大时,动物模型MBLUP评定的准确性则较低。     

耐热碱性磷酸酶突变体耐热性变化机理研究

从耐热碱性磷酸酶（TAP）200多个随机突变体的克隆库中选出耐热性明显下降的4株突变体,进行全序列及表达产物的最高耐受温度和最适反应温度测定和酶分子高级结构的模拟,分析突变位点、高级结构和耐热性表现三者的关系,探讨引起耐热性变化的机理。结构模拟显示所有突变位点都仅能引起细微的、局部的结构变化,除T320→I外都未直接触及酶的活性中心;结构上的细微改变虽然对最适反应温度影响不明显,但却使最高耐受温度降低了10℃左右;T320→I靠近酶的活性中心,尽管未能引起结构的较大变化,但却使最高耐受温度和最适反应温度同时显著降低。可见,多数点突变对高级结构的影响都不剧烈,但对耐热性尤其是最高耐受温度的影响却比较明显,一般地,在非活性区的突变通常只能引起最高耐受温度的降低,靠近活性区的突变则能同时引起最适反应温度和最高耐受温度的降低。