Ecology and community dynamics of Kubo people in the tropical lowlands of Papua New Guinea

Kubo producer-units (families and independent bachelors) could have been self-sufficient in the production of bananas but chose not to be. Nor did they seek self-sufficiency in the production of any combination of staple carbohydrate foods (bananas, tubers, sago flour) or, in the long term, strive for balance in the exchange of food with other producer-units. Despite the fact that bananas, which provided 50% of people's energy needs, were a delayed-return crop Kubo communities were very unstable. This instability and the failure to choose the option of self-sufficiency were connected and were mediated through intense intracommunity sharing that, ultimately, served to negotiate a concern with sorcery. The people grew bananas in the way they did, not out of environmental necessity, but to accommodate the crop to the needs of sharing and, thereby, facilitate community living.     

The problem of the acts duration measurement in relation to the “focal-animal” technique of behavioral recording

The focal-animal technique assumes the continuous recording of the behavior of an individual during a certain time interval. The length of this interval (sampling unit) can be problematic when estimating the duration of behavioral acts. Two acts from the behavioral repertoire of the ant Leptothorax fuenteiwere focused on in this work at different ranges of temporal scales. Analyzing these acts we show the possibility of existence of a sampling artifact, in such a way that the estimates of the durations of the acts would be forced to depend upon the length of the sampling unit that is being used.     

Resource sharing among ramets in the clonal herb,Fragaria chiloensis

Summary The herbaceous perennial, Fragaria chiloensis, reproduces vegetatively on coastal sand dunes in California by growth of stolons that bear rosettes. Movement of water and photosynthates through stolons integrates water and carbon metabolism of rosettes both before and after they root. New, unrooted rosettes import sufficient water and nitrogen to maintain levels near those of established rosettes; yet support of an unrooted rosette did not decrease growth of a connected, rooted sibling given abundant light, water, and soil nutrients. Under such conditions strings of unrooted rosettes with the associated stolon appeared self-sufficient for carbon; shade and drought induced import of photosynthates. New rosettes produced and maintained a limited root mass upon contact with dry sand, which could increase probability of establishment. Rooting did not induce senescence of stolons. Connection between two established rosettes prevented death by drought and shade, even when neither rosette could have survived singly. Results suggest that physiological integration of connected rosettes may increase total growth of clones of F. chiloensis through sharing of resources among ramets, especially when resource availability is changeable or patchy.     

在AppleⅡ型微机上实现核酸数据处理的工作程序

本文报道了在AppleⅡ型微机上实现核酸数据处理的一系列工作程序。应用这些程序,可进行核酸数据的贮存、对指定的核酸数据结构的改造、限制性内切酶识别位点的检索、核酸序列至蛋白序列的翻译、相关核酸序列及蛋白序列的同源性比较、氨基酸密码使用频率的统计和基因的启动子结构的初步探索等方面的工作。