基于地理和气象要素的春玉米生育期栅格化方法

本文以黄河流域春玉米生育期和气象站点气象数据为主要数据源,采用多元逐步回归法分析了各生育期和经度、纬度、海拔高度、降水、年均温、≥10℃积温和日照时数等影响因子的关系,建立逐步回归方程,对各生育期空间栅格化方法进行了探讨,结果表明：（1）生育期空间拟合插值的统计检验说明春玉米“播种期”、“抽雄期”和“收获期”三个时期模拟效果最好,“拔节期”效果精度相对较好;（2）播种期基本满足从西南到东北延后的变化趋势,而拔节期、抽雄期和收获期基本上表现了从南北向中部、中部向东西两侧延后的现象。本研究得到的生育期与地理和气象要素之间的逐步回归方程,可为气候条件变化下作物生育期栅格化模拟试验以及农业生产应该采取的适应机制研究提供一定的依据。     

沙地景观中矢量数据栅格化方法及尺度效应

针对景观生态学研究中的数据转换(矢量数据转换为栅格数据)问题,从斑块面积、周长、数量对转换方法及尺度的响应角度进行了详尽的分析.以库布齐沙漠地区的2003年1:10万的矢量数据为例,转换尺度以10m为起点,200m为终点,10m为间隔,利用最大面积值方法(RMA)和中心属性值方法(RCC)两种转换方法分别进行栅格化,讨论了面积、周长、斑块数量对不同尺度及不同转换方法的响应,同时还讨论了运算时间对转换方法及尺度的响应.得出了"30m大小的转换尺度为最佳尺度,最大面积值方法(RMA)优于中心属性值方法(RCC)"的结论.     

太湖水污染防治计划实施效率评估

数据包络分析方法是评价非赢利组织绩效的有效方法之一。研究采用数据包络分析,从绩效审计的观点探讨沿太湖6市环境保护局（以下简称环保局）2001～2005年执行太湖水污染防治“十五”规划的相对效率。结果表明：从技术效率来看,40％的决策单位为相对有效率;对于规模效率,有36．7％的决策单元为相对有效率,各环保局的效率不能令人满意。外部影响因素分析结果表明,人口和经济发展水平对环保局的总技术效率不具有明显影响,而企业数与环保局的整体技术效率具有显著差异性。在此基础上提出了促进环保局效率的对策建议。     

Extensive gaps and biases in our knowledge of a well‐known fauna: implications for integrating biological traits into macroecology

Aim Ecologists seeking to describe patterns at ever larger scales require compilations of data on the global abundance and distribution of species. Comparable compilations of biological data are needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind these patterns, but have received far less attention. We assess the availability of biological data across an entire assemblage: the well‐documented demersal marine fauna of the United Kingdom. We also test whether data availability for a species depends on its taxonomic group, maximum body size, the number of times it has been recorded in a global biogeographic database, or its commercial and conservation importance. Location Seas of the United Kingdom. Methods We defined a demersal marine fauna of 973 species from 15 phyla and 40 classes using five extensive surveys around the British Isles. We then quantified the availability of data on eight key biological traits (termed biological knowledge) for each species from online databases. Relationships between biological knowledge and our predictors were tested with generalized linear models. Results Full data on eight fundamental biological traits exist for only 9% (n= 88) of the UK demersal marine fauna, and 20% of species completely lack data. Clear trends in our knowledge exist: fish (median biological knowledge score = six traits) are much better known than invertebrates (one trait). Biological knowledge increases with biogeographic knowledge and (to a lesser extent) with body size, and is greater in species that are commercially exploited or of conservation concern. Main conclusions Our analysis reveals deep ignorance of the basic biology of a well‐studied fauna, highlighting the need for far greater efforts to compile biological trait data. Clear biases in our knowledge, relating to how well sampled or ‘important’ species are suggests that caution is required in extrapolating small subsets of biologically well‐known species to ecosystem‐level studies.     

Molecular phylogenetics of the tribeInuleae s. str.(Asteraceae), based on ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA

The sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of 18S–26S nrDNA for a sample of 16 taxa from theInuleae s. str. and two outgroup taxa are analysed cladistically with PAUP. A consensus tree of the four most parsimonious cladograms is presented. Three different tests of cladogram stability are conducted (Bremer support, parsimony jackknifing and bootstrapping); all tests indicate a high degree of support for the basal nodes of the tree. The ITS phylogeny of the tribe is compared with previous hypotheses based on morphological data. The position ofAnisopappus as sister group to the rest of the tribe is supported by the molecular data, but the proposed subdivision ofInuleae s. str. into a paleate grade group and an epaleate clade is not. The interpretation of the character evolution of, e.g. receptacular paleae and pappus features within the tribe is discussed.     

Technologies for integrating biological data

The process of building a new database relevant to some field of study in biomedicine involves transforming, integrating and cleansing multiple data sources, as well as adding new material and annotations. This paper reviews some of the requirements of a general solution to this data integration problem. Several representative technologies and approaches to data integration in biomedicine are surveyed. Then some interesting features that separate the more general data integration technologies from the more specialised ones are highlighted.     

Beyond ecosystem modeling: A roadmap to community cyberinfrastructure for ecological data‐model integration

In an era of rapid global change, our ability to understand and predict Earth's natural systems is lagging behind our ability to monitor and measure changes in the biosphere. Bottlenecks to informing models with observations have reduced our capacity to fully exploit the growing volume and variety of available data. Here, we take a critical look at the information infrastructure that connects ecosystem modeling and measurement efforts, and propose a roadmap to community cyberinfrastructure development that can reduce the divisions between empirical research and modeling and accelerate the pace of discovery. A new era of data‐model integration requires investment in accessible, scalable, and transparent tools that integrate the expertise of the whole community, including both modelers and empiricists. This roadmap focuses on five key opportunities for community tools: the underlying foundations of community cyberinfrastructure; data ingest; calibration of models to data; model‐data benchmarking; and data assimilation and ecological forecasting. This community‐driven approach is a key to meeting the pressing needs of science and society in the 21st century.     

Taxonomic aggregation does not alleviate the lack of consistency in analysing diversity in long‐term phytoplankton monitoring data: a rejoinder to Pomati et al. (2015)

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