Cytological criteria of endometrial lesions with emphasis on stromal and epithelial cell clusters: result of 8 years of experience with intrauterine sampling

Objective:  There are a number of unresolved issues in endometrial cytology. They include the significance of nuclear atypia for the diagnosis of grade1 adenocarcinoma (G1AC) and atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH), cytological criteria of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia, and recognition of stromal cell cluster (SC) and its distinction from epithelial cell cluster (EC).
Methods:  We examined nuclear atypia, SC and EC in typical cases of five categories: normal endometrium (NEM), simple endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (SEH), complex endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (CEH), G1AC and grade2 adenocarcinoma (G2AC). We classified EC into four types: simple EC (SPEC), large regular EC (LREC), large irregular EC (LIEC) and small irregular EC (SIEC). Based on the results, we developed criteria of endometrial cytology and have evaluated 13 639 cases over 8 years.
Results:  Nuclear atypia was significantly more frequent in G2AC than in any of the other four categories ( P  <   0.001). SC was significantly more frequent in NEM and SEH than in the other three categories ( P  <   0.001). G1AC and G2AC showed significantly higher frequency of LIEC than the other three categories ( P  <   0.001). CEH exhibited significantly higher frequency of LREC than the four categories ( P  <   0.001). The sensitivity and the specificity was 88.8% and 99.0% respectively.
Conclusions:  We could diagnose G1AC, G2AC and CEH with high accuracy using the established criteria mainly based on SC and EC. We think that the criteria may facilitate an effective screening and an objective interpretation of endometrial samples.     

生防菌诱导植物系统抗性及其生化和细胞学机制

生防菌通常可利用竞争、抗生、寄生和交叉保护等直接的拮抗机制抑制植物病害;同时某些生防菌还能促进植物生长,诱导植物对真菌、细菌和病毒引起的病害乃至对线虫和昆虫为害的抗性,称为诱导系统抗性(ISR).ISR具有非特异性、广谱性和系统性,其在表型上与病原菌侵染激发的系统获得抗性(SAR)相似,具有同样的效率;但在寄主植物上不发生过敏性坏死反应(HR),无可见症状,为发展和改善更加安全而环境友好的植物保护策略开辟了新的思路.本文总结了生防真菌和细菌诱导系统抗性及其激发子和信号转导途径等方面的研究进展,重点阐述了寄主防御反应的生化和细胞学机制,并对ISR在植物病害生物防治中的应用前景进行了展望.     

雌核发育银鲫和两性融合发育红鲤卵母细胞成熟的细胞学比较研究

对雌核发育银鲫和两性融合发育红鲤的卵母细胞成熟过程,进行了详细的细胞学比较研究。在银鲫卵母细胞成熟过程中,绝大部分卵母细胞的核物质,在胚泡破裂(GVBD)后的第一次成熟分裂时期,出现明显的不同于红鲤卵母细胞核的行为,其染色体逐渐清晰地分为三群,这三群染色体的发育既彼此独立又相互联系,最终形成一首尾相接的三极纺锤体。随后,三极纺锤体扭转、重叠、合并成为一个正常的中期纺锤体。但极少数银鲫卵母细胞也出现了类似于红鲤卵母细胞的成熟单星光,并进而发育成两极纺锤体,形态类似红鲤第一次成熟分裂中期纺锤体。在银鲫上述两类卵母细胞的成熟过程中均未观察到“第一极体”外排的现象。由此,我们确认,银鲫卵是通过第一次成熟分裂异常,卵核染色体不减数来维持染色体倍性的;并且,根据上述特殊现象,我们对银鲫卵子第一次成熟分裂异常的机制进行了初步分析。       

盐肤木体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生

以盐肤木(Rhus chinensis Mill.)幼胚为外植体,研究不同植物生长调节剂组合对其愈伤组织诱导及体细胞胚胎发生的影响,以建立盐肤木体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生体系。结果表明,最适愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+6-BA 0.2 mg/L+2,4-D 1.0 mg/L,诱导率为84.57%,诱导出的初代愈伤组织白色或淡黄色,质地疏松,表面光滑,为非胚性愈伤。初代愈伤组织转移到1/2 MS+6-BA 2 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L培养基上培养1个月后,长出淡黄色质地紧密的胚性愈伤组织,诱导率高达100%,在此培养基上胚性愈伤组织增殖倍数为854.73%。所获得的胚性愈伤组织转接到1/2 MS+6-BA 2 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖4%的培养基上培养1个月后可诱导体细胞胚胎发生,诱导率可达32.67%。诱导得到的体细胞胚胎经历球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷胚、子叶胚进一步分化发育成苗。无菌苗炼苗后栽种到泥炭土∶蛭石∶珍珠岩为2∶1∶1的生长基质上,能100%稳定成活。经过细胞学观察分析,体细胞胚的发育与合子胚相似。     

香蕉小茎尖培养中芽产生的细胞学观察

报道6个香蕉品种的小茎尖离体繁殖无病苗中芽产生的细胞学观察。小茎尖在改良MS附加BA 3.0 mg/l的培养基上培养,5天后可以看见外植体基部膨大,10天后叶原基伸长、转绿,20天后长出叶子形成苗。20—30天左右,所形成苗的两侧表皮下的薄壁细胞转化为分生细胞,形成芽原基,继续分化形成芽,一般芽数为2—3个。     

Factors promoting sustained divisions of mesophyll protoplasts isolated from dihaploid clones of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and a cytological analysis of regenerated plants

A culture protocol has been developed for mesophyll protoplasts isolated from various dihaploid clones of potato. A special effort was made to promote the growth of initially dividing cells to form cell colonies and calli. An increase in plating efficiency in 3 different dihaploid clones and one doubled dihaploid clone was obtained after serial dilution of cultures with a suitable amount and type of medium at different stages of cell colony development. Plating on a refined semi-solid medium after 14 days of culture further improved both the yield and the quality of calli obtained. The refined plating medium also enhanced shoot regeneration ability from 67 to 90% in one of the dihaploid clones (67:9). The refined culture protocol could also be used without causing a decrease in plating efficiency at a low population density adjusted after 3 days of culture. The ploidy level of plants regenerated from dihaploid protoplasts were determined by chromosome counting and DNA analysis by flow cytometry. Most of the plants were aneuploid or tetraploid although, some dihaploid plants were obtained after protoplast culture of 2 dihaploid clones derived from the same cultivar (cv. Stina).Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - 2,4-D dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - GA₃ gibberellic acid - NAA naphthaleneacetic acid     

Molecular,cytogenetic and morphological characterization of somatic hybrids of dihaploid Solanum tuberosum and diploid S. brevidens

Summary Fifty-eight somatic hybrid plants, produced both by chemical (11) and electrical fusion (47) of protoplasts of dihaploid Solanum tuberosum and S. brevidens, have been analysed by molecular, cytological and morphological methods. The potentially useful euploid plants constituted 34% of the total, of which 20% were tetraploid and 14% hexaploid; the remainder were aneuploid at the tetraploid, hexaploid and octoploid levels. Analysis of chloroplast DNA showed that 55% of hybrids contained chloroplasts from S. brevidens and 45% from S. tuberosum. Hexaploids, the products of three protoplasts fusing together, were analyzed with specific DNA probes, and this revealed that nuclear genome dosages could be either 21 S. tuberosumS. brevidens, or vice-versa. Chloroplast types of hexaploids were not influenced by nuclear genome dosage, and all six possible combinations of genome dosage and chloroplast types were found amongst tetraploids and hexaploids. To examine the morphology of the hybrid population and its possible relation to the chromosome number and chloroplast DNA type, 18 morphological characteristics were measured on greenhouse-grown plants and analyzed by principal component and canonical variate analyses. Both analyses showed that nuclear ploidy has the most prominent influence on the overall morphology of the hybrids. Differential parental genome expression in the morphology of the hybrids is discussed. These results provide useful data on the range of genetic combinations that can be expected to occur amongst somatic hybrid plants.     

Plant regeneration from stem-derived callus of the seed legume Lathyrus sativus L.

Callus cultures from stem explants of six Lathyrus sativus L. cultivars were tested for their morphogenic capacity. Shoot-buds were formed in calli of only one cultivar. Maximum response was observed in the medium containing 10^-8 M picloram and 10^-6 M benzylaminopurin. Supplementation with adenine sulphate was required for shoot-bud formation. The greatest frequency of shoot-bud formation was detected at the second passage and complete lack of regeneration capacity was observed after the 8th passage. Cell regenerates were diploid.     

Identification of Meloidogyne Species on the Basis of Head Shape and,Stylet Morphology of the Male

Head shape and stylet morphology of males of 90 populations of M. arenaria, M. hapla, M. incognita, and M. javanica from geographic regions of the world were compared by light microscopy (LM). In addition, stylets of one population each of M. arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica and three different chromosomal forms of M. hapla race A and two of race B were excised and examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Differences among species occurred in both head and stylet morphology. Head morphology differed in size and shape of the head cap, annulation of the head region, and width of the head region relative to the first body annule. Differences in stylets occurred in size and shape of the cone, shaft, and knobs. All populations of M. hapla, except one, had similar head morphology, but stylet morphology was different between cytological races A and B. Populations of M. javanica varied with respect to the presence of head annulations. Head shape and stylet morphology of males are recommended as additional characters useful in the identification of root-knot nematodes.