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991.
New ruthenium(II) complexes carrying methionine and phenylalanine in the bipyridine ligand, [Ru(bpy)2(4-Me-4′-(CONH-l-methionine methyl ester)-2,2′-bipyridine)](PF6)2 (IV) and [Ru(bpy)2(4-Me-4′-(CONH-l-phenylalanine ethyl ester)-2,2′-bpy)](PF6)2(V) have been synthesized and characterized and their photophysical properties studied. Flash photolysis measurements of complex IV, in the presence of an electron acceptor, methyl viologen (MV2+) show that an intermolecular electron transfer from the excited state of Ru(II) in complex IV, to MV2+ takes place, forming Ru(III) and the methyl viologen cation radical, MV+. The formation of MV+ in this system is confirmed using time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy. This intermolecular electron transfer is followed by intramolecular electron transfer from the thioether moiety (methionine) to the photogenerated Ru(III), regenerating Ru(II). 相似文献
992.
During an adaptive immune response, lymphocytes proliferate for five to twenty-five cell divisions, then stop and die over
a period of weeks. Based on extensive flow cytometry data, Hawkins et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:5032–5037, 2007) introduced
a cell-level stochastic model of lymphocyte population dynamics, called the Cyton Model, that accurately captures mean lymphocyte
population size as a function of time. In Subramanian et al. (J Math Biol 56(6):861–892, 2008), we performed a branching process
analysis of the Cyton Model and deduced from parameterizations for in vitro and in vivo data that the immune response is predictable
despite each cell’s fate being highly variable. One drawback of flow cytometry data is that individual cells cannot be tracked,
so that it is not possible to investigate dependencies in the fate of cells within family trees. In the absence of this information,
while the Cyton Model abandons one of the usual assumptions of branching processes (the independence of lifetime and progeny
number), it adopts another of the standard branching processes hypotheses: that the fates of progeny are stochastically independent.
However, new experimental observations of lymphocytes show that the fates of cells in the same family tree are not stochastically
independent. Hawkins et al. (2008, submitted) report on ciné lapse photography experiments where every founding cell’s family
tree is recorded for a system of proliferating lymphocytes responding to a mitogenic stimulus. Data from these experiments
demonstrate that the death-or-division fates of collaterally consanguineous cells (those in the same generation within a founding
cell’s family tree) are strongly correlated, while there is little correlation between cells of distinct generations and between
cells in distinct family trees. As this finding contrasts with one of the assumptions of the Cyton Model, in this paper we
introduce three variants of the Cyton Model with increasing levels of collaterally consanguineous correlation structure to
incorporate these new found dependencies. We investigate their impact on the predicted expected variability of cell population
size. Mathematically we conclude that while the introduction of correlation structure leaves the mean population size unchanged
from the Cyton Model, the variance of the population size distribution is typically larger. Biologically, through comparison
of model predictions for Cyton Model parameterizations determined by in vitro and in vivo experiments, we deduce that if collaterally
consanguineous correlation extends beyond cousins, then the immune response is less predictable than would be concluded from
the original Cyton Model. That is, some of the variability seen in data that we previously attributed to experimental error
could be due to intrinsic variability in the cell population size dynamics.
相似文献
993.
What the egg can tell about its hen: Embryonic development on the basis of dynamic energy budgets 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kooijman SA 《Journal of mathematical biology》2009,58(3):377-394
The energy cost of offspring is important in the conversion of resources allocated to reproduction to numbers of offspring,
and in obtaining energy budget parameters from quantities that are easy to measure. An efficient numerical procedure is presented
to obtain this cost for eggs and foetusses in the context of the dynamic energy budget theory, which specifies that birth
occurs when maturity exceeds a threshold value and maternal effects determine the reserve density at birth. This paper extends
previous work to arbitrary values of the ratio of the maturity and somatic maintenance costs. I discuss the body size scaling
implications for the relative size and age at birth and conclude that the size at birth, contrary to the age at birth, covaries
with the maintenance ratio. Apart from evolutionary adaptation of the maturity at birth, this covariation might explain some
of the observed scatter in the relative length at birth. The theory can be used to evaluate the effects of the separation
of cells in e.g. the two-cell stage of embryonic development, and of the removal of initial egg mass. If cell separation hardly
affects energy parameters, body size scaling relationships imply that cell separation can only occur successfully in species
with sufficiently large maximum body length (as adult); i.e. some two times that of Daphnia magna. Toxic compounds that increase the cost of synthesis of structure, decrease the allocation to reproduction indirectly via
the life cycle, because food uptake is linked to size. They can also decrease the egg size, however, such that the reproduction
rate is stimulated at low concentrations. The present theory offers a possible explanation for this well-known phenomenon.
相似文献
994.
Spiders, scorpions, mites and ticks (chelicerates) form one of the most diverse groups of arthropods on land, but their origin
and times of diversification are not yet established. We estimated, for the first time, the molecular divergence times for
these chelicerates using complete mitochondrial sequences from 25 taxa. All mitochondrial genes were evaluated individually
or after concatenation. Sequences belonging to three missing genes (ND3, 6, and tRNA-Asp) from three taxa, as well as the
faster-evolving ribosomal RNAs (12S and 16S), tRNAs, and the third base of each codon from 11 protein-coding genes (PCGs)
(COI-III, CYTB, ATP8, 6, ND1-2, 4L, and 4-5), were identified and removed. The remaining concatenated sequences from 11 PCGs
produced a completely resolved phylogenetic tree and confirmed that all chelicerates are monophyletic. Removing the third
base from each codon was essential to resolve the phylogeny, which allowed deep divergence times to be calculated using three
nodes calibrated with upper and lower priors. Our estimates indicate that the orders and classes of spiders, scorpions, mites,
and ticks diversified in the late Paleozoic, much earlier than previously reported from fossil date estimates. The divergence
time estimated for ticks suggests that their first land hosts could have been amphibians rather than reptiles. Using molecular
data, we separated the spider-scorpion clades and estimated their divergence times at 397 ± 23 million years ago. Algae, fungi,
plants, and animals, including insects, were well established on land when these chelicerates diversified. Future analyses,
involving mitochondrial sequences from additional chelicerate taxa and the inclusion of nuclear genes (or entire genomes)
will provide a more complete picture of the evolution of the Chelicerata, the second most abundant group of animals on earth.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
995.
Mandal A Arunachalam SC Meleshkevitch EA Mandal PK Boudko DY Ahearn GA 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》2009,179(2):205-214
We have previously reported on calcium transport mechanisms in American lobster, Homarus americanus, using 45Ca2+ coupled with vesicle preparations of hepatopancreatic endoplasmic reticulum. The active transport of calcium across membranes
bordering calcium-sequestering stores such as sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum is catalyzed by membrane-spanning proteins,
the sarco-endoplasmic Ca2+-ATPases (SERCAs). In the study described here we used advanced bioinformatics and molecular techniques to clone SERCA from
the economically important Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. We report the complete cloning of a full-length SERCA from P. argus antenna cDNA (GenBank accession number AY702617). This cDNA has a 1020-amino acid residue open reading frame which is 90%
identical to published sequences of other crustacean SERCA proteins. Our data support the hypothesis that one crustacean and
three vertebrate genes controlling calcium transport were derived from a common ancestral gene. 相似文献
996.
997.
Assessing the scale-specific importance of niches and other spatial processes on beta diversity: a case study from a temperate forest 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Niche processes and other spatial processes, such as dispersal, may simultaneously control beta diversity, yet their relative
importance may shift across spatial and temporal scales. Although disentangling the relative importance of these processes
has been a continuing methodological challenge, recent developments in multi-scale spatial and temporal modeling can now help
ecologists estimate their scale-specific contributions. Here we present a statistical approach to (1) detect the presence
of a space–time interaction on community composition and (2) estimate the scale-specific importance of environmental and spatial
factors on beta diversity. To illustrate the applicability of this approach, we use a case study from a temperate forest understory
where tree seedling abundances were monitored during a 9-year period at 40 permanent plots. We found no significant space–time
interaction on tree seedling composition, which means that the spatial abundance patterns did not vary over the study period.
However, for a given year the relative importance of niche processes and other spatial processes was found to be scale-specific.
Tree seedling abundances were primarily controlled by a broad-scale environmental gradient, but within the confines of this
gradient the finer scale patchiness was largely due to other spatial processes. This case study illustrates that these two
sets of processes are not mutually exclusive and can affect abundance patterns in a scale-dependent manner. More importantly,
the use of our methodology for future empirical studies should help in the merging of niche and neutral perspectives on beta
diversity, an obvious next step for community ecology.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
998.
Testing competing measures of profitability for mobile resources 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Optimal diet theory often fails to predict a forager’s diet choice when prey are mobile. Because they escape or defend themselves,
mobile prey are likely to increase the forager’s handling time, thereby decreasing its fitness gain rate. Many animals have
been shown to select their prey so as to maximize either their fitness gain or their fitness gain rate. However, no study
has yet compared directly these two measures of profitability by generating testable predictions about the choice of the forager.
Under laboratory conditions, we compared these two measures of profitability, using the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani and its host, Myzus persicae. Fitness gain was calculated for parasitoids developing in each host instar by measuring life-history traits such as developmental
time, sex ratio and fecundity. Fitness gain rate was estimated by dividing fitness gain by handling time, the time required
to subdue the host. Fourth instar aphids provided the best fitness gain to parasitoids, whereas second instar aphids were
the most profitable in terms of fitness gain rate. Host choice tests showed that A. colemani females preferred second instar hosts, suggesting that their decision maximizes fitness gain rate over fitness gain. Our
results indicate that fitness gain rate is a reliable predictor of animal’s choice for foragers exploiting resources that
impose additional time cost due to their mobility.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
999.
Emily Kathryn Brown 《Behavioural processes》2009,81(2):250-255
The current experiment investigates whether an active time model can account for anomalous results that have emerged from multiple schedule, concurrent variable-interval (VI) VI experiments. The model assumes that (1) during concurrent VI VI training pigeons learn a function that relates time since the most immediate response, i.e., active time, to changeover probabilities and (2) that molar preference is the result of an interaction between inter-response time frequencies and the learned active time changeover functions. Pigeons were trained under a concurrent VI 30-s VI 30-s schedule and a concurrent VI 60-s VI 60-s schedule. Probes were conducted in which VI 30-s and VI 60-s stimuli were paired. During these probes, birds allocated choices equally to the stimuli. The active time model accurately fit individual subject data. In contrast data were not fit by a variant of scalar expectancy theory proposed by Gibbon [Gibbon, J., 1995. Dynamics of time matching: arousal makes better seem worse. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 2, 208-215]. 相似文献
1000.